Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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Baffle leakage in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

numerical methods for predictions of, 1.4.2-3

recommended design procedures for accounting for, 3.3.1-1/3.3.11-5

Baffle pipes in agitated vessels, 3.14.2-3/3.14.2-4
Baffles in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

constructional features affecting thermal design: clearances, 4.2.5-7

cross-type, 4.2.5-4/4.2.5-5

longitudinal-type, 4.2.5-8

maximum pitch, 4.2.5-7

support-type, 4.2.5-5/4.2.5-6

thickness, 4.2.5-7

disk-and-doughnut, 3.3.11-2

double segmental, 3.3.11-2

leakage effects associated with (see Baffle leakage; Leakage effects)

number of, calculation of, 3.3.6-4

segmental, recommended characteristics of, 3.3.5-7/3.3.5-10

Baffle tray columns, for direct contact heat transfer, 3.19.5-2
Baker flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-3
Balance equation (applied to complete equipment), 1.2.4-1/1.2.4-7

average interaction coefficients and driving forces for, 1.2.4-2/1.2.4-3

conventional representations of heat exchanger performance by, 1.2.4-4/1.2.4-5

differential form of, 1.2.5-1/1.2.5-3

for enthalpy, temperature and concentration, 1.2.5-1/1.2.5-3

solution and closure, 1.2.5-2/1.2.5-3

for enthalpy, temperature and concentration changes, 1.2.4-1/1.2.4-2

NTU and effectiveness in, 1.2.4-3/1.2.4-4

Balanced regenerators, 3.15.6-2

explicit design methods for, 3.15.11-1/3.15.11-9

Band dryer:

description, 3.13.2-4

practical design, 3.13.7-1/3.13.7-2

Bandel and Schlunder correlations, for boiling in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-4/2.7.4-5
Banks of tubes (see Tube banks)
Barometric condenser, 3.20.1-2
Barrels for shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see Shells)
Basket-type evaporator, 3.5.2-3/3.5.2-4
Bateman, G., 4.11.4-1/4.11.4-6
Bayonet tube heat exchangers, constructional features of, 4.2.3-9/4.2.3-10

mean temperature difference in, 1.5.3-14

Bayonet tube waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-7
Bayonet tube evaporators, 3.5.2-1/3.5.2-2
Beaton, C. F., 5.5.0-1/5.5.0-12, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-175, 5.5.12-1/5.5.12-13, 5.5.14-1/5.5.14-56
Becquerel (SI unit), xxviii
Beer-Lambert law, 2.9.5-5
Bejan, A., 1.8.1-1/1.8.4-7, 2.11.1-1/2.11.7-4
Bell, Kenneth J., 3.1.1-1/3.1.4-9
Bell-Delaware method for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.2-5/3.3.2-6

modified form as basis for recommended procedure, 3.3.3-1/3.3.11-5

Bell and Ghaly method for calculation of multicomponent condensation, 2.6.3-5/2.6.3-6
Bellows, expansion, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see Expansion bellows)
Benard cells in free convection in horizontal fluid layers, 2.5.8-1/2.5.8-3
Bends:

boiling heat transfer in tubes with, 2.7.4-8/2.7.4-9

dryout in tubes with, 2.7.4-8/2.7.4-9

enhancement of condensation in, 2.6.6-3

multiphase pressure loss in: gas-liquid systems, 2.3.2-17

solid-gas systems, 2.3.3-7

solid-liquid systems, 2.3.4-4

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.2-15/2.2.2-18

loss coefficients for, 2.2.2-17/2.2.2-18

use of vaned bends, 2.2.2-18

Benzaldehyde:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-88

saturation properties, 5.5.1-89

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-88

Benzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-47

saturation properties, 5.5.1-50

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-47

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-9

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-20

Benzoic acid:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-98

saturation properties, 5.5.1-98

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-97

Benzonitrile:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-151

saturation properties, 5.5.1-150

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-150

Benzophenone:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-93

saturation properties, 5.5.1-94

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-93

Benzyl alcohol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-72

saturation properties, 5.5.1-73

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-72

Benzyl chloride:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-137

saturation properties, 5.5.1-137

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-63

Berenson equation for pool film boiling from a horizontal surface, 2.7.2-14
Bergles, Arthur E., 2.5.11-1/2.5.11-12, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-5
Bernoulli equation, application to flow across cylinders, 2.2.4-1
Bimetallic tubes:

contact resistance in, 2.4.6-4/2.4.6-6

use of in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.5-2

Binary mixtures:

bubble growth in, 2.7.6-7/2.7.6-9

bubble nucleation in, 2.7.6-5/2.7.6-7

size of nucleation sites in, 2.7.6-6/2.7.6-7

condensation of, 2.1.6-2/2.1.6-3, 2.6.3-7

condensation of, forming immiscible condensates, 2.6.4-1/2.6.4-16

azeotropic condensation, 2.6.4-7, 2.6.4-9

constants for, for use in calculation of multicomponent systems, 5.5.4-1/5.5.4-9

diffusion and mass transfer in, 2.1.5-1/2.1.5-4

forced convection boiling of, 2.7.8-1/2.7.8-14

combined heat and mass transfer in, 2.7.8-2/2.7.8-5

critical heat flux in, 2.7.8-9/2.7.8-11

saturated nucleate, 2.7.8-1/2.7.8-2

two-phase forced convective, 2.7.8-2/2.7.8-9

phase equilibria in, 2.7.6-1/2.7.6-3

pool boiling of, 2.7.7-1/2.7.7-11

critical heat flux, 2.7.7-6/2.7.7-8

film boiling, 2.7.7-6

minimum heat flux, 2.7.7-8

nucleate boiling, 2.7.7-1/2.7.7-6

transition boiling, 2.7.7-8

Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian), 2.2.8-7
Biofouling, 3.17.2-2/3.17.2-3, 3.17.6-10/3.17.6-11, 3.17.6-15
Biot number:

in conduction, 2.4.3-2

in melting and solidification, 2.4.4-1/2.4.4-2

Biphenyl:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-57

saturation properties of, 5.5.1-60

Black liquor, in pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers by, 3.17.6-7/3.17.8-7
Black surface:

heat transfer between gas and, 2.9.6-1/2.9.6-2

spectral characteristics of reflectance from selective, 2.9.2-17

Blackbody radiation, 2.9.1-3/2.9.1-5
Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation, 2.2.5-2
Blasius equation for friction factor, 2.2.2-3
Blast furnace stoves, heat transfer in, 3.15.11-6/3.15.11-7
Blenkin, R., 4.3.7-1/4.3.7-15/4.3.8-1/4.3.8-7
Block-type heat exchanger, 4.4.4-4
Blowing (see Injection)
Blunt bodies, drag coefficients for, 2.2.3-7
Bodnar criterion for water fouling, 2.17.3-3
Boilers:

as type of heat exchanger, 1.1.5-2

combustion systems for firing, 3.11.2-2/3.11.2-3

fouling in, 3.17.7-12/3.17.7-14

waste heat, 3.16.1-1/3.16.4-2

(See also Reboilers)

Boiling:

augmentation of heat transfer in, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-5

pool boiling, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2

within tubes, 2.7.9-3/2.7.9-5

in axial flow reboilers, 3.6.2-8/3.6.2-13

basic processes, 2.7.1-1/2.7.1-15

bubble detachment and frequency, 2.7.1-10/2.7.1-12

bubble growth, 2.7.1-7/2.7.1-10

evaporation, 2.7.1-2/2.7.1-3

heterogeneous nucleation, 2.7.1-5/2.7.1-7

homogeneous nucleation, 2.7.1-3/2.7.1-4

sizing of active nucleation sites, 2.7.1-5/2.7.1-7

vapor formation, 2.7.1-1/2.7.1-2

direct contact, 2.10.3-1/2.10.3-4

of binary and multicomponent mixtures: basic process in, 2.7.6-1/2.7.6-9

forced convective boiling, 2.7.8-1/2.7.8-10

pool boiling, 2.7.7-1/2.7.7-7

in evaporators, 3.5.7-4

fouling in, 3.17.2-4

in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-8

critical heat flux in, 2.7.4-7/2.7.4-8

flow patterns in, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-4

annular flow, 2.7.4-3/2.7.4-4

bubbly flow, 2.7.4-2

intermittent flow, 2.7.4-2/2.7.4-3

stratified flow, 2.7.4-2

heat transfer coefficients in, 2.7.4-4/2.7.4-5

Bandel and Schlunder correlation for, 2.7.4-4/2.7.4-5

Shah correlation for, 2.7.4-5/2.7.4-6

in inclined tubes, 2.7.4-8

in kettle and horizontal thermosiphon reboilers, 3.6.2-1/3.6.2-6

in microchannels, 2.13.4-1/2.13.4-27

critical heat flux in, 2.13.4-19/2.13.4-23

in flow in, 2.13.4-6/2.13.4-13

models for, 2.13.4-13/2.13.4-14

onset of nucleate boiling in, 2.13.4-14/2.13.4-16

pressure drop in, 2.13.4-16/2.13.4-19

two-phase flow in, 2.13.4-4/2.13.4-6

void fraction in, 2.13.4-3/2.13.4-4

in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.3-5

pool boiling, 2.7.2-1/2.7.2-24

boiling curve for, 2.7.2-1

critical heat flux in, 2.7.2-13/2.7.2-17

film boiling in, 2.7.2-18/2.7.2-20

minimum heat flux in, 2.7.2-18

nucleate boiling in, 2.7.2-3/2.7.2-13

onset of nucleate boiling in, 2.7.2-2/2.7.2-3

transition boiling in, 2.7.2-17/2.7.2-18

outside tubes and tube bundles, 2.7.5-1/2.7.5-14, 3.6.2-1/3.6.2-13

single tube in crossflow, 2.7.5-1/2.7.5-5

tube bundles, 2.7.5-5/2.7.5-11

in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-1/2.7.3-50

critical heat flux, 2.7.3-17/2.7.3-37

heat transfer in the region where critical heat flux has been exceeded, 2.7.3-37/2.7.3-43

regimes of flow and heat transfer in, 2.7.3-1/2.7.3-6

saturated boiling, 2.7.3-11/2.7.3-17

subcooled boiling, 2.7.3-6/2.7.3-11

Boiling curve:

in binary mixtures, 2.7.7-1

in pool boiling, 2.7.2-1

effect of surface finish on, 2.7.2-3

for single horizontal tube in crossflow, 2.7.5-1

for tube banks, 2.7.5-4

Boiling length:

definition, 2.7.3-20

quality/boiling length correlations, 2.7.3-20

application of nonuniform heating cases, 2.7.3-24

Boiling number, definition, 2.7.4-5
Boiling point, normal, 5.1.3-7/5.1.3-12

of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-174

Boiling range (in multicomponent mixtures):

influence on selection of reboilers, 3.6.1-8

very wide, effect on reboiler design, 3.6.4-3

Boiling surface in boiling in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-5
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), fouling problems in, 3.17.9-6/3.17.9-8

deposit formation, 3.17.9-7/3.17.9-8

impact on operation, 3.17.9-8

mitigation, 3.17.9-8

Bolted channel head in shell-and-tube exchanger, 4.2.4-1
Bolted cone head in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 4.2.4-2
Bolting, 4.13.1-1/4.13.6-3

applied bolt load, 4.13.4-1/4.13.4-3

bolt characteristics, 4.13.2-1

flange integrity in, 4.13.6-1/4.13.6-3

torque wrench use, 4.13.6-2

load measurement, 4.13.5-1

required bolt load, 4.13.3-1/4.13.3-2

Bolting of flanges in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.6-4/4.2.6-5
Boltzmann's constant, 2.9.1-3
Bonnet head, in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 4.2.4-1/4.2.4-2
Borishanski, V. M., 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-4
Borishanski correlation for nucleate pool boiling, 2.7.2-5
Bott, T. R., 3.17.5-1/3.17.5-2, 3.17.6-5/3.17.6-6, 3.17.6-10/3.17.6-11, 3.17.6-27/3.17.6-28, 3.17.6-30, 3.17.7-7/3.17.7-8, 3.17.7-22, 3.17.8-1/3.17.8-5
Boundary layer:

in combined free and forced convection heat transfer to immersed bodies, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-3

concept, 2.2.1-19

entropy generation in, 1.8.2-4

equations, 2.2.1-19/2.2.1-21

continuity, 2.2.1-20

internal energy, 2.2.1-20

integral forms of, 2.2.1-23/2.2.1-24

Levy-Lees transformation of, 2.2.1-21/2.2.1-23

mean kinetic energy, 2.2.1-20

momentum, 2.2.1-20

solutions of, 2.2.1-24/2.2.1-25

turbulent kinetic energy, 2.2.1-20/2.2.1-21

on flat plate, 2.2.1-25/2.2.1-35

on rough plates, 2.2.1-29

in flow over cylinders, 2.2.3-3/2.2.3-5

in flow over immersed bodies, 2.2.3-1/2.2.3-2

in heat transfer to flat plates: laminar boundary layer, 2.5.2-1/2.5.2-2

turbulent, 2.5.2-2/2.5.2-5

radiation interaction phenomena in, 2.9.8-13

roughness, effect on, 2.2.1-34

theory, 2.2.1-19/2.2.1-35

as example of theory of models, 2.2.1-15

thickness of (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), 2.2.1-23

turbulent: prediction methods for, 2.2.1-30/2.2.1-35

universal laws for, 2.2.1-29/2.2.1-30

Boussinesq approximations:

application in free convective flows, 2.5.7-1

for gravity effect, 2.2.1-12

application to laminar flow in circular duct, 2.2.2-5

Boussinesq number, definition, 2.5.7-2
Bowring correlations for critical heat flux, 2.7.3-16/2.7.3-18
Bracket supports for heat exchangers:

design of, 4.3.8-1/4.3.8-20

design example, 4.3.8-6/4.3.8-20

using BS 5500: 1994, 4.3.8-2/4.3.8-5

using WRC 107, 4.3.8-5/4.3.8-6

Branches, mechanical design aspects, 4.1.8-1/4.1.8-2
Brauner, N., 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-40
Brazed plate exchanger, 4.4.2-5
Brazing in plate fin heat exchanger construction, 4.4.3-3/4.4.3-4
Bricks, drying of, 3.13.5-2/3.13.5-5
Brine recirculation, in multistage flash-evaporation, 3.22.2-5/3.22.2-7

models for, 3.22.2-45/3.22.2-50

Brinkman model, for flow in porous media, 2.11.4-4
Brinkman number, 2.5.12-7
British Standards Institute code for mechanical design of heat exchangers (see BS 5500 code)
Brittle fracture, 4.3.2-16

EN13445 guidelines on, 4.3.3-22/4.3.3-23

Bromine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-169

saturation properties, 5.5.1-171

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-171

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-56

Bromley equation for film boiling from horizontal cylinders, 2.7.2-19
Bromobenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-136

saturation properties, 5.5.1-136

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-85

Bromoethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-123

saturation properties, 5.5.1-123

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-122

Bromomethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-112

saturation properties, 5.5.1-112

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-111

Bromotrifluoromethane (Refrigerant 13B1):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-114

saturation properties, 5.5.1-115

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-114

Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation, 3.17.8-2
BS 5500 code for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see also PD 5500), 4.3.1-4
Bubble crowding as mechanism of critical heat flux, 2.7.2-13, 2.7.3-22
Bubble flow:

drift flux model for, in vertical flow, 2.3.2-18/2.3.2-19

in boiling in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-2

regions of occurrence: in horizontal flow, 2.3.2-2/2.3.2-4

in inclined tubes, 2.3.2-4/2.3.2-5

in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.3.2-5/2.3.2-6

in systems with phase change, 2.3.2-6/2.3.2-7

in vertical flow, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-2

Bubble-type direct-contact condensers, 3.20.4-1/3.20.4-5

effect of noncondensable vapors in, 3.20.4-2

Florschuetz and Chao equation for bubble collapse in, 3.20.4-1

Jacobs and Major model for condensation of bubbles forming immiscible liquids in, 3.20.4-1

use as vapor suppression system, 3.20.4-4

Wittke and Chao model for collapse of moving bubble in, 3.20.4-1

Bubbles:

formation of, 3.19.2-1/3.19.2-4

in boiling of binary mixtures: growth, 2.7.6-5/2.7.6-7

nucleation, 2.7.6-5

in boiling of single components: detachment and frequency, 2.7.1-10/2.7.1-12

growth, 2.7.1-7/2.7.1-10

nucleation, 2.7.1-1/2.7.1-7

indirect contact heat transfer, 2.10.2-4/2.10.2-6

in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-8/2.2.6-12

in foam systems, 2.12.1-4/2.12.1-5

in gas-liquid flow: horizontal tubes, 2.3.2-2/2.3.2-4

vertical tubes, 2.3.1-1/2.3.2-2, 2.3.2-18/2.3.2-19

on solid surface, simulation of using molecular dynamics methods, 2.13.7-16/2.13.7-17

rise velocity of gas bubbles in liquid, 2.3.2-18/2.3.2-19

Bulk viscosity, 2.2.1-2
Bundle-induced convection in kettle reboilers, 3.6.2-3/3.6.2-5
Bundle layout, in condensers 3.4.3-6
Buoyancy effects:

on developing flows in ducts, 2.2.2-12

on flows, 2.2.1-12

inducing flow in channels, free convection heat transfer with, 2.5.7-19/2.5.7-20

on laminar flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-24

Buoyancy-induced flow in channels, free convective heat transfer with, 2.5.7-19/2.5.7-20
Burnout (see Critical heat flux)
Busemann-Crocco integral, application in boundary layer equations, 2.2.1-22
1,2-Butadiene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-32

saturation properties, 5.5.1-36

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-32

1,3-Butadiene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-33

saturation properties, 5.5.1-37

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-33

Butane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-6

saturation properties, 5.5.1-10

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-7

thermodynamic properties of superheated vapor, 5.5.2-6

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-6

1-Butanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-62

saturation properties, 5.5.1-65

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-62

transport properties of gases at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-26

2-Butanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-67

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-67

tert-Butanol, (see tert-Butyl alcohol)
Butene-1:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-20

saturation properties, 5.5.1-24

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-20

cis-2-Butene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-29

saturation properties, 5.5.1-33

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-29

trans-2-Butene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-29

saturation properties, 5.5.1-33

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-29

Butterworth, D., 2.6.1-1/2.6.1-2, 3.4.1-1/3.4.1-2, 3.4.3-1/3.4.3-8, 3.4.4-1/3.4.4-3, 3.4.5-1/3.4.5-4
Butyl acetate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-78

saturation properties, 5.5.1-79

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-78

sec-Butyl alcohol (see 2-Butanol)
t-Butyl alcohol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-68

saturation properties, 5.5.1-64

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-68

Butylamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-142

saturation properties, 5.5.1-143

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-142

Butylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-50

saturation properties, 5.5.1-53

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-50

n-Butylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-25

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-50

Butyl chloride (see Chlorobutane)
n-Butylcyclohexane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-45

saturation properties, 5.5.1-48

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-45

Butylcyclopentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-42

saturation properties, 5.5.1-45

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-42

Butylene oxide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-106

saturation properties, 5.5.1-106

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-105

1-Butyne (see ethyl acetate)
2-Butyne (see Dimethyl-Acetylene)
Butyr-aldehyde:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-86

saturation properties, 5.5.1-87

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-86

Butyric acid:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-95

saturation properties, 5.5.1-96

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-95

Butyronitrile:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-150

saturation properties, 5.5.1-150

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-149

BWR, see Boiling Water Reactor
Bypass (shell-and-tube bundle):

clearances in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-14

heat transfer and pressure drop correction factors for, 3.3.6-8/3.3.6-9

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Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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