Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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C

Cabin heater, 3.11.2-2
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by, 3.17.6-11
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by, 3.17.6-12
CALFLO, heat transfer media, 5.5.15-54/5.5.15-55
Calorically perfect gas, 2.2.1-9
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in, 3.17.9-4/3.17.9-6

deposit formation, 3.17.9-5/3.17.9-6

impact on operation, 3.17.9-6

mitigation, 3.17.9-6

Capillary number, 2.13.5-2
Caproic acid, see Hexanoic acid
Carbon dioxide:

emissivity of gaseous, 5.5.5-2

regression equation for, 3.15.11-6

saturation properties, 5.5.1-162

superheated gaseous, physical properties, 5.5.11-163

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-33

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-45

Carbon disulfide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-164

saturation properties, 5.5.1-163

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-164

Carbon monoxide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-163

saturation properties, 5.5.1-162

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-162

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-25

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-44

Carton nanotubes

formation of, 2.13.7-22/2.13.7-23

heat conduction of, 2.13.7-25/2.13.7-26

hydrogen adsorption in, 2.13.7-20

introduction to, 2.13.7-20

water in, 2.13.7-20

Carbon steel:

as material of construction, 4.5.2-2/4.5.2-3, 4.5.4-1/4.5.4-12

elevated temperature service, 4.5.4-7/4.5.4-12

low temperature service, 4.5.4-2/4.5.4-7

welding, 4.5.4-7, 4.5.4-10

thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-3

Carbon-manganese steels, 4.5.4-4, 4.5.4-9
Carbon-molybdenum steels, 4.5.4-9
Carbon tetrachloride:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-111

saturation properties, 5.5.1-112

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-111

Carbonyl sulfide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-163

saturation properties, 5.5.1-163

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-163

Carboxylic acids:

liquid physical properties, 5.5.10-94/5.5.10-100

saturation properties, 5.5.1-94/5.5.1-100

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-94/5.5.11-100

Carmen-Kozeny equation (see Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation)
Carnot factor, 1.9.2-2
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian), 2.2.8-7
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-3
Cashman, B. L., 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-6
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-12
Cavallini, A., 2.13.6-1/2.13.6-30
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers, 4.5.3-1
Celata, G. P., 2.13.1-1/2.13.1-3, 2.13.2-1/2.13.2-20
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness, 1.6.1-1/1.6.12-1

calculation procedure, 1.6.2-1/1.6.2-2

cell effectiveness in, 1.6.10-1/1.6.10-2

comparison with conventional method, 1.6.11-1/1.6.11-3

longitudinal baffle case, 1.6.9-1/1.6.9-2

numerical examples, 1.6.3-1/1.6.3-3

rules for highest heat exchanger effectiveness, 1.6.4-1/1.6.4-2

three tube side pass case, 1.6.8-1/1.6.8-3

two-tube side pass case, 1.6.5-1/1.6.7-3

computational procedure for, 1.6.6-1/1.6.6-7

variable number of baffles, 1.6.7-1/1.6.7-3

CEN code for pressure vessels, 4.3.1-4
Centrifugal dryer, 3.13.2-4
Ceramics, spectral characteristics of reflectance from, 2.9.2-18
Certification of heat exchangers, 4.7.7-1
CFD codes, in analysis of radiation systems with interactions, 2.8.9-17/2.9.8-19
Chan, S. H., 3.17.6-16/3.17.6-19
Channel emissivity, 2.9.7-11/2.9.7-12
Channel flow, heat and mass transfer in, 2.1.7-1/2.1.7-2
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature, 2.2.1-11
Checkerwork pattern packing for regenerators, 3.15.2-1/3.15.2-2
Chemical exergy, 1.9.3-2/1.9.3-3
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-174
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, 3.17.5-5
Chemical species conservation, in porous media, 2.11.1-6
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of, 1.9.4-3
Chemical reaction fouling, 3.17.2-2
Chemical reactions, numerical calculation of flows involving, 1.4.3-2/1.4.3-3
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling, 2.7.3-13/2.7.3-15
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, 5.1.3-5
Chenoweth, J. M., 4.6.1-1/4.6.6-4
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.1-4/3.7.1-5
CHF (see Critical heat flux)
Chillers, construction features of, 4.2.3-9
Chilton-Colburn analogy, 1.2.3-6
Chisholm, D., 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-4, 3.10.1-1/3.10.7-9
Chisholm correlations:

for frictional pressure drop in straight channels, 2.3.2-11

for pressure drop in singularities, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-18

Chlorine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-169

saturation properties, 5.5.1-170

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-171

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-35

thermal conductivity at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-55

Chloroacetic acid:

saturation properties, 5.5.1-99

Chlorobenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-135

saturation properties, 5.5.1-135

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-134

Chlorobutane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-129

saturation properties, 5.5.1-129

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-128

Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)

liquid properties, 5.5.10-115

saturation properties, 5.5.1-115

superheated gaseous:

physical properties, 5.5.11-114

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-15

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-34

use in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems, 3.22.3-13

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-127

saturation properties, 5.5.1-127

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-126

Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-120

saturation properties, 5.5.1-120

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-119

Chloroform, see Trichloromethane
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-110

saturation properties, 5.5.1-110

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-109

Chloropentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-129

saturation properties, 5.5.1-129

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-128

1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-127

saturation properties, 5.5.1-127

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-126

3-Chloropropene, (see Allyl Chloride)
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-134

saturation properties, 5.5.1-134

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-133

1-Chloropropane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-128

saturation properties, 5.5.1-128

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-127

2-Chloropropane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-128

saturation properties, 5.5.1-128

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-127

m-Chlorotoluene:

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-137

o-Chlorotoluene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-138

saturation properties, 5.5.1-138

Chlorotrifluoroethylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-133

saturation properties, 5.5.1-133

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-132

Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)

critical heat flux table for flow of in vertical tube, 2.7.3-29

liquid properties, 5.5.10-116

saturation properties, 5.5.1-117

superheated gaseous:

physical properties, 5.5.11-116

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-18

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-30

Choice of heat transfer equipment (see Selection of heat transfer equipment)
Chromium-molybdenum steels, 4.5.4-9
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.3.2-5/2.3.2-6
Church and Prausnitz methods:

for critical pressure of mixtures, 5.2.7-5/5.2.7-7

for critical temperatures of mixtures, 5.2.7-2/5.2.7-4

Churchill, S. W., 2.5.7-1/2.5.10-12
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:

horizontal cylinders, 2.5.7-21

vertical plates: laminar flow, 2.5.7-3

turbulent flow, 2.5.7-4

Churn flow, regions of occurrence of, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-2
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial, 2.9.3-3
Circular cylinders (see Cylinders)
Circulating fluidized beds, 2.2.6-13/2.2.6-21
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below, 2.5.8-6
CISE correlations for void fractions, 2.3.2-14/2.3.2-15
Clad plate (see Explosively clad plate)
Clapeyron-Clausius relationship (see Clausius-Clapeyron relationship)
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:

application in evaporation, 2.7.1-2

in homogeneous nucleation, 2.7.1-3

Cleaning:

of fouled heat exchangers, 3.17.8-13/3.17.8-23

heat exchangers handling liquids, 3.17.8-13/3.17.8-19

gas-side fouling, 3.17.8-19/3.17.8-22

of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.4-5

Climbing film evaporator, 3.5.2-5/3.5.2-6
Climbing film plate evaporator, 3.7.4-4/3.7.4-6
Closed circuit cooling towers, 3.12.1-3/3.12.1-4
Closed distillation process, 2.1.7-8
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-9/2.2.6-10
Coatings for corrosion protection, 4.5.2-5/4.5.2-6, 4.15.5-1/4.15.5-6
Cocurrent flow:

F-factor chart for, 1.5.2-3

heat exchangers, 1.1.1-1/1.1.1-2

single-phase temperature pattern in, 1.1.3-1

solutions for, 1.3.1-1/1.3.1-4

?-NTU chart for, 1.5.2-3

Codes, mechanical design:

comparison of principal codes, 4.3.4-1/4.3.4-4

cylinders: external pressure, 4.3.4-1/4.3.4-2

flanges, 4.3.4-3

nozzles, 4.3.4-3/4.3.4-4

stresses, 4.3.4-1

tubesheets, 4.3.4-2/4.3.4-3

example of applications, 4.3.6-1/4.3.6-23

of expansion bellows, 4.10.2-5/4.10.2-6

guides to national practice in application of, 4.3.5-1/4.3.5-9

France (SNCT), 4.3.5-6

Germany (Merkblatter), 4.3.5-4

Holland (Stoomwesen), 4.3.5-5

Italy (ANCC), 4.3.5-7

Japan: high pressure, 4.5.3-9

standard, JIS-B8243, 4.3.5-8

U.K. (BS 1500), 4.3.5-3

U.S. (ASME VIII), 4.3.5-2

introduction, 4.3.1-1/4.3.1-5

PD 5500 code, 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-17

software for, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-6

factors affecting results, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-2

software quality, 4.3.9-2/4.3.9-4

Coefficient of expansion (see Thermal expansion coefficient)
Cogeneration

relationship to heat exchanger network design, 1.7.5-5/1.7.5-7

heat exchanger fouling in, 3.17.6-20/3.17.6-22

Coiled tubes (see Helical coils; Curved ducts)
Coiled wire inserts for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, 2.7.9-3
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation, 2.6.3-2 2.6.3-7/2.6.3-13
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases, 2.6.3-2, 2.6.3-7/2.6.3-13
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks, 3.3.2-1
Colburn j factor:

application in heat exchangers, 3.3.1-2

definition, 2.1.3-4

for flow over tube banks, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

in plate fin exchangers, 3.9.4-1/3.9.6-2

values of heat transfer in tubes, 2.1.3-7

Cold insulation, of heat exchangers, 4.15.2-5/4.15.5-6
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe, 2.2.2-3
Coles, law of the wake, 2.2.1-26
Collier, J. G., 2.7.1-1/2.7.8-13
Column internal reboiler (see Internal reboilers)
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:

in channels, 2.5.10-1/2.5.10-10

horizontal channels, 2.5.10-7/2.5.10-12

vertical channels: laminar assisted convection, 2.5.10-2/2.5.10-6

laminar opposing convection, 2.5.10-6

turbulent, 2.5.10-6/2.5.10-7

around immersed bodies, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-6

creeping flow regime (assisting convection), 2.5.9-3

horizontal plates (transverse flow), 2.5.9-4/2.5.9-6

immersed bodies (transverse flow), 2.5.9-6

opposing convection, 2.5.9-4

slightly inertial flow regime (assisting convection), 2.5.9-3/2.5.9-4

thin boundary layer regime (assisting convection), 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-3

turbulent regime (assisting convection), 2.5.9-4

Combined heat and mass transfer, 2.1.6-1/2.1.6-4

in condensation of mixtures, 2.1.6-2/2.1.6-4

in drying, 2.1.6-1/2.1.6-2

in evaporation of binary and multicomponent mixtures, 2.7.8-2/2.7.8-5

in heat exchangers, 1.1.2-1, 1.2.2-3/1.2.2-4

in porous media, 2.11.7-1

in single-phase free convection, 2.5.7-12/2.5.7-13

Combining flow, loss coefficients in, 2.2.2-21
Combustion air heater for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-13/3.16.2-14
Combustion chambers (see Furnaces)
Combustion model for furnaces, 3.11.7-3/3.11.7-4
Compact flanges, 4.14.8-2/14.14.8-3
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)

fouling in, 3.17.7-3/3.17.7-7

safety of, 4.17.1-2, 4.17.1-3

Compartment dryers, 3.13.2-3
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:

hot and cold, 1.7.2-3/1.7.2-4

grand composite curve, 1.7.5-2

Compound systems for augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-9
Compressed liquids, density of:

liquid mixtures, 5.2.1-5

pure liquids, 5.1.2-21

Compressible flow:

in ducts, 2.2.2-12/2.2.2-15

adiabatic (Fanno) flow, 2.2.2-14

basic equations for, 2.2.2-12/2.2.2-14

with constant heat transfer, 2.2.2-13/2.2.2-14

over cylinders, 2.2.3-6

inviscid flow with heat addition, 2.2.2-14

low density effect in, 2.2.2-14

in microchannels, 2.13.2-13/2.13.2-18

Compression, exergy analysis of, 1.9.4-2/1.9.4-3, 1.9.5-5

discussion of, 3.3.10-1/3.3.10-2

simplified example of design modification algorithm for a computer, 3.1.3-3/3.1.3-4

Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes, 4.3.3-12
Computer-aided design, of evaporators, 3.5.8-2/3.5.8-4
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer, 2.9.4-4/2.9.4-5
Computer simulation, of fouling, 3.17.4-2
Computer software for mechanical design, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-6

factors affecting results, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-2

software quality, 4.3.9-2/4.3.9-4

Concentration, choice of evaporator type for, 3.5.5-2
Concentric annuli, see Annuli
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in, 2.5.8-16
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.2-5/3.7.2-6
Condensation:

augmentation of heat transfer in, 2.6.6-1/2.6.6-32

axial wire attachments for, 2.6.6-9

basic approaches, 2.6.6-2

coiled tubes for, 2.6.6-23

electric fields in, 2.6.6-13

fluted tubes for, 2.6.6-6/2.6.6-9

Gregoric surfaces in, 2.6.6-4

in dropwise condensation, 2.6.6-5

in plate type heat exchangers, 2.6.6-23

integral (low fin) tubes for, 2.6.6-9/2.6.6-12, 2.6.6-15/2.2.6-17

internally finned tubes for, 2.6.6-17, 2.6.6-24

micro-fin tubes for, 2.6.6-18/2.6.6-20, 2.6.6-25

non-wetting surfaces for, 2.6.6-5/2.6.6-6

roughness effects in, 2.6.6-6, 2.6.6-22, 2.6.6-25

surface tension effects in, 2.6.6-3/2.6.6-8

twisted tape inserts for, 2.6.6-21, 2.6.6-25

wire-wrapped tubes for, 2.6.6-9

combined heat and mass transfer in, 2.1.6-2/2.1.6-4

condensate subcooling in, 2.6.3-16/2.6.3-17

differential, 3.4.4-2

direct-contact, 2.10.3-4/2.10.3-12

dropwise, 2.6.5-1/2.6.5-11

promoters for, 2.6.5-1/2.5.6-2

effect of non-condensing gas on, 2.6.5-2

mechanisms of, 2.6.5-2/2.6.5-4

condensation of steam in, 2.6.5-4/2.6.5-8

of organic fluids, 2.6.5-8/2.6.5-9

film, introduction to, 2.1.7-4/2.1.7-6

filmwise, of pure vapor, 2.6.2-1/2.6.2-19

outside horizontal and inclined tubes, 2.6.2-8/2.6.2-12 3.4.6-3

inside horizontal tubes, 2.6.2-12/2.6.2-15, 3.4.6-2

interfacial resistance in, 2.6.2-14

liquid metals, 2.6.2-15/2.6.2-16

on vertical surfaces, 2.6.2-2/2.6.2-9, 3.4.6-3

fogging in, 2.6.3-20, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-4

conditions producing supersaturation, 2.6.7-2/2.6.7-3

design to minimize, 2.6.7-3

effects, 2.6.7-3

fouling in, 3.17.2-4

nuclei formation, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-2

supersaturation, 2.6.7-1

in horizontal tubes, flow regimes in, 2.3.2-7

in microchannels, 2.13.6-1/2.13.6-30

applications of, 2.13.6-1/2.13.6-2

flow regimes in horizontal channels with, 2.13.6-2/2.13.6-5

flow regimes in vertical channels with, 2.13.6-5

heat transfer coefficients in, 2.13.6-19/2.13.6-27

pressure drop in, 2.13.6-5/2.13.6-19

in multistage flash evaporator systems, 3.22.2-8/3.22.2-11

integral, 3.4.4-2

introduction to, 2.6.1-1

heat transfer resistances in, 2.6.1-2

modes of, 2.6.1-1/2.6.1-2

in plate exchangers, 3.7.3-5

in plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.13-1/3.9.13-2

of vapor mixture, 2.6.3-1/2.6.3-25, 3.4.6-4

approximate method, 2.6.3-2/2.6.3-7

binary vapor mixtures, 2.6.3-7/2.6.3-13

multicomponent mixtures, 2.6.3-13/2.6.3-25

single vapor with noncondensable gas, 2.6.3-5/2.6.3-25

of vapor mixtures forming immiscible liquids, 2.6.3-13, 2.6.4-1/2.6.4-16

on finned tubes, 3.4.6-3

eutectic mixtures, 2.6.4-2/2.6.4-3

with incondensable gases, 2.6.4-5/2.6.4-7

noneutectic mixtures, 2.6.4-3/2.6.4-5

Condensation curves:

description, 2.6.3-1/2.6.3-2

differential, 2.6.3-4/2.6.3-5

integral, 2.6.3-3/2.6.3-5

with immiscible liquids, 2.6.4-3/2.6.4-10

Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation, 3.22.2-8/3.22.2-11
Condensers:

approximate overall heat transfer coefficients in, 2.1.2-3

condensate subcooling in, 2.6.3-16/2.6.3-17

design procedures for, 3.4.4-1/3.4.4-3, 3.4.9-1/3.4.9-4

inside tubes, 3.4.9-2/3.4.9-3

outside tubes, 3.4.9-3/3.4.9-4

overall, 3.4.9-1/3.4.9-2

direct-contact, 3.20.1-1/3.20.4-9

bubble-type, 3.20.4-1/3.20.4-5

drop-type, 3.20.2-1/3.20.2-9

film-type, 3.20.3-1/3.20.3-5

introduction to, 3.20.1-1/3.20.1-4

mechanical construction of, 4.4.6-6/4.4.6-7

discussion of types, 3.4.3-1/3.4.3-8

horizontal, outside tubes, 3.4.3-3/3.4.3-6

turbine exhaust (surface condensers), 3.4.3-6/3.4.3-8

vertical downflow, 3.4.3-1/3.4.3-2

vertical reflux, 3.4.3-2/3.4.3-3

vertical upflow, 3.4.3-2

vertical, outside tubes, 3.4.3-6

fogging in, 2.6.3-20, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-4, 3.4.5-2

fouling in, 3.4.5-2

heat transfer in, 3.4.6-1/3.4.6-4

finned tubes, 3.4.6-3

outside horizontal tubes, 3.4.6-3

with mixtures, 3.4.6-4

subcooling in, 3.4.6-4

inside tubes, 3.4.6-1/3.4.6-2

outside vertical tubes, 3.4.6-3/3.4.6-4

in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems, 3.22.3-12/3.22.3-15

introduction to, 3.4.1-1/3.4.1-2

mean temperature difference in, 3.4.8-1/3.4.8-3

operational problems in, 3.4.5-1/3.4.5-3, 3.18.4-1/3.18.4-3

condensate drainage, 3.18.4-1/3.18.4-2

condensate freezing, 3.18.4-2

fogging, 3.4.5-2

fouling, 3.4.5-2

freezing of condensate, 3.4.5-2/3.4.5-3

inadequate condensate drainage, 3.4.5-2

overcapacity, 3.4.5-1/3.4.5-2

parallel channel instability, 3.4.5-3

reflux, 3.4.5-2

vacuum equipment, 3.18.4-2

venting, 3.4.3-7/3.4.3-8, 3.4.5-2

pressure drop in, 3.4.7-1/3.4.7-2

reflux, design of, 2.6.3-21/2.6.3-22

temperature patterns in, 1.1.3-1/1.1.3-2

as type of heat exchanger, 1.1.5-2

for use in association with evaporators, 3.5.4-2

(See also Condensation)

Conduction, heat:

basic equations for, 2.4.1-1/2.4.1-2

finite-element methods for, 2.4.8-1/2.4.8-30

boundary conditions, 2.4.8-2

coding considerations, 2.4.8-26/2.4.8-28

control volume method, 2.4.8-17/2.4.8-21

Galerkin method, 2.4.8-11/2.4.8-17

governing equations, 2.4.8-2

solution of algebraic equations, 2.4.8-21/2.4.8-26

finite-difference methods for, 2.4.7-1/2.4.7-39

grid selection in, 2.4.7-3/2.4.7-5

finite difference equations, 2.4.7-5/2.4.7

implicit equations, solution of, 2.4.7-19/2.4.7-27

difference equation for transient, 2.4.7-16/2.4.7-19

implicit and explicit methods in, 2.4.7-18/2.4.7-27

stability of, 2.4.7-17/2.4.7-18

in melting and solidification, 2.4.4-1/2.4.4-3

in porous media, 2.11.2-1/2.11.2-2

energy conservation in, 2.11.2-1

thermal conductivity models, 2.11.2-1

periodic change of temperature in, 2.4.5-1/2.4.5-4

radiation interaction with, 2.9.8-5/2.9.8-12

conjugate phenomena in, 2.9.8-5/2.9.8-7

interaction phenomena with absorbing and emitting media, 2.9.8-7/2.9.8-9

interaction phenomena with scattering, 2.9.8-9/2.9.8-10

interaction phenomena with nongray media, 2.9.8-10/2.9.8-11

multidimensional interaction, 2.9.8-11/2.9.8-12

simulation of using molecular dynamics, 2.13.7-23/2.13.7-26

steady-state, 2.4.2-1/2.4.2-3

in bodies with internal heat sources, 2.4.2-3

plane, cylindrical and spherical shells without internal heat sources, 2.4.2-1/2.4.2-3

thermal contact resistance in, 2.4.6-1/2.4.6-6

transient response to a step change in temperature, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-12

one-dimensional systems, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-10

multidimensional systems, 2.4.3-10/2.4.3-11

Conductivity number, in thermal contact resistance, 2.4.6-3
Conductors, thermal conductivity of, 5.4.3-2/5.4.3-3
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-5

large end without knuckles, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-5

offset cones, 4.3.3-5

Cones, vertical:

free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-24

Confinement number, 2.13.5-2
Conical shells, mechanical design of:

basic principles of, 4.1.3-2

EN13445 code for, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-5

PD 5500 code for, 4.3.2-4/4.3.2-5

Conjugate radiation interactions, 2.9.8-3, 2.9.8-5/ 2.9.8-7, 2.9.8-13

with conduction, 2.9.8-5/2.9.8-6

with convection, 2.9.8-13

Connors equation for fluid elastic instability, 4.6.4-2
Conservation equations:

for chemical species, 1.2.1-3

in differential form, 2.2.1-6/2.2.1-9

in duct flow, 2.2.1-3/2.2.1-9

in furnaces, 3.11.7-1/3.11.7-2

for gas-liquid flows, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9

homogeneous model, 2.3.2-8

separated flow model, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9

in integral form, 2.2.1-2/2.2.1-6

for multiphase flows, 2.3.1-4/2.3.1-7

homogeneous model for, 2.3.1-4/2.3.1-7

separated flow model for, 2.3.1-6/2.3.1-7

for turbulent flows, 2.2.1-15/2.2.1-17

Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point, 5.1.3-7
Constriction numbers, in thermal contact resistance, 2.4.6-2
Construction elements of heat exchangers, 4.1.1-2/4.1.2-3
Contact angle, 2.3.1-2

estimation of using molecular dynamics methods, 2.17.7-18

influence in nucleate boiling, 2.7.1-6/2.7.1-7, 2.7.2-2

Contact resistance:

influence on particle-to-wall heat transfer in packed beds, 2.8.3-3

thermal, 2.4.6-1/2.4.6-6

Continuity equation:

applications in heat exchanger calculations, 1.2.6-5

in boundary layer, 2.2.1-20

in compressible duct flows, 2.2.2-12

differential form in single-phase flow, 2.2.1-6/2.2.1-9

in gas-liquid flows, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9

integral form in single-phase flow, 2.2.1-2

in multiphase flows: homogeneous, 2.3.1-5

separated flow, 2.3.1-25

in turbulent flow, 2.2.1-16

Continuum model, for fluids, 2.2.1-1
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids, 2.2.8-8/2.2.8-10

Lodge's rubber-like liquid, 2.2.8-9

Maxwell model, 2.2.8-8/2.2.8-9

Oldroyd eight constant model, 2.2.8-9

White-Metzner model, 2.2.8-8

Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:

single-phase flow, 2.2.2-21

two-phase gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-16/2.3.2-17

Control:

of air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.18.3-7/3.18.3-8

of heat pipes, 3.10.7-1/3.10.7-2

of reboilers, 3.6.4-2

Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction, 2.4.7-5/2.4.7-6
Convection, interaction of radiation with, 2.9.8-12/2.9.8-23
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers, 3.6.2-3/3.6.2-4
Convective boiling (see Boiling)
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:

around immersed bodies: single bodies, 2.5.2-3/2.5.2-8

smooth flat plates, 2.5.2-1/2.5.2-5

augmentation of, 2.5.11-1/2.5.11-12

in combined free and forced convection (see Combined free and forced convection)

channel flows, 2.5.10-1/2.5.10-12

immersed bodies, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-7

effect of radiation on, 2.9.8-1/2.9.8-28

in fixed beds, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-17

in flow over tube banks, 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-30

finned tubes, 2.5.3-19/2.5.3-30

plain tubes, 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-6

forced convection in ducts, 2.5.1-1/2.5.1-21

definition of heat transfer coefficients, 2.5.1-1/2.5.1-2

dimensionless numbers for, 2.5.1-2

in smooth straight tubes, laminar flow, 2.5.1-2/2.5.1-6

in smooth straight tubes, turbulent flow, 2.5.1-6/2.5.1-8

in parallel plates, laminar flow, 2.5.1-9/2.5.1-13

in parallel plates, turbulent flow, 2.5.1-13

in concentric annular ducts, in laminar flow, 2.5.1-13/2.5.1-14

in concentric annular ducts, in turbulent flow, 2.5.1-14/2.5.1-18

in free convection: immersed bodies, 2.5.7-1/2.5.7-31

layers and enclosures, 2.5.8-1/2.5.8-25

with impinging jets, 2.5.6-1/2.5.6-11

in liquid metal systems, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-4

in microchannels, 2.13.3-1/2.13.3-17

in circular microchannels (micropipes), 2.13.3-2/2.13.3-8

in non-circular microchannels, 2.13.2-8

interfacial effects in, 2.13.3-13/2.13.3-14

laminar, 2.13.3-8/2.13.3-11

turbulent, 2.13.3-11/2.13.3-12

with non-Newtonian fluids, 2.5.12-1/2.5.12-16

in channels with viscous heating, 2.5.12-10/2.5.12-14

in channels without viscous heating, 2.5.12-6/2.5.12-10

with dilute polymer solution, 2.5.12-14/2.5.12-15

in agitated beds, 2.8.3-1/2.8.3-7

in porous media, 2.11.3-1/2.11.3-6

cylinder, 2.11.3-2/2.11.3-3

heat lines, 2.11.3-5

plane wall, constant heat flux, 2.11.3-1

plane wall, constant temperature, 2.11.3-1

point and line sources, 2.11.3-3

sphere, 2.11.3-3/2.11.3-3

to moving granular solids, 2.8.3-1/2.8.3-7

Conversion charts, for units, l-lvi

area, l

density, liii

energy (work), lii

enthalpy, lv

force, lii

heat transfer coefficient, liii

length, l

mass, l

mass flux, li

mass rate of flow, lii

power, lii

pressure, lv

specific heat capacity, liv

temperature, lvi

thermal conductivity, liv

velocity, li

viscosity, liv

volume flow rate, li

volume, l

Conversion factors:

for physical properties, 5.5.1-3

for units, xxvii, xxxi

tables of, xlv-xlix

Conveyor, gravity:

air activated, 2.3.3-2

fluidized bed, 2.3.3-7/2.3.3-9

Cooling curves, in condensation, 2.6.3-2/2.6.3-5

integral type, 2.6.3-4/2.6.3-5

differential type, 2.6.3-5

Cooling towers:

applications of, 3.12.1-1

design and operation of, 3.12.2-1/3.12.2-15

cooling demand, 3.12.2-3/3.12.2-5

cross-flow systems, 3.12.2-5/3.12.2-6

counterflow system, 3.12.8-1/3.12.2-5

Merkel method for, 3.12.2-2/3.12.2-5

packing characteristic, 3.12.2-5

thermal design, 3.12.8-1/3.12.2-9

hydraulic systems for, 3.12.1-3/3.12.1-4

closed circuit, 3.12.1-3/3.12.1-4

once through, 3.12.1-4

open circuit, 3.12.1-4

measurement of performance of, 3.12.4-1/3.12.4-2

operational performance of, 3.12.2-12/3.12.2-13

packings for, 3.12.1-4/3.12.1-6, 3.12.3-1/3.12.3-2

falling film packing, 3.12.1-4

hybrid, 3.12.1-5

selection of, 3.12.3-1/3.12.3-2

splash fill, 3.12.1-4

tube bundle, 3.12.1-4/3.12.1-5

pressure losses in, 3.12.2-6/3.12.2-9

selection of, 3.12.2-9/3.12.2-12

types of, 3.12.1-1/3.12.1-3

counterflow, 3.12.1-3

crossflow, 3.12.1-3

fan assisted, 3.12.1-3

mechanical draft, 3.12.1-2/3.12.1-3

natural draft, 3.12.1-2

Cooling water fouling, 3.17.6-11/3.17.6-20
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling, 2.7.2-7/2.7.2-8
Cooper, Anthony, 3.7.1-1/3.7.4-7
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-10
Copper alloys, 4.5.7-1/4.5.7-9

mechanical properties of, 4.5.7-1

thermal conductivity of, 4.5.7-1/4.5.7-2

selection of, 4.5.7-2/4.5.7-4

design and operational consideration for, 4.5.7-4/4.5.7-7

standard specification for, 4.5.7-7/4.5.7-9

as material of construction, 4.5.2-4/4.5.2-5

thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-10

Core-annular flow, see Annular flow (liquid-liquid)
Correlation, general nature of, 1.2.3-5/1.2.3-6
Corresponding states principle

for density of pure gases, 5.1.2-2

for density of gas mixtures, 5.2.1-1/5.2.1-2

for vapour pressure, 5.1.2-3/5.1.2-4

Corrosion:

air-side, in air cooled heat exchangers, 3.18.3-2/3.18.3-3

associated with phase separation, 4.5.3-5

associated with welds, 4.5.3-5/4.5.3-6

erosion/corrosion, 4.5.3-1/4.5.3-2

of titanium and titanium alloys, 4.5.9-4/4.5.9-8

fouling by, 3.17.2-2, 3.17.3-5

fretting, 4.5.3-2

gas-vapor phase, 4.5.3-6/4.5.3-7

materials of construction to avoid, 4.5.2-2/4.5.2-6

protection against, by paintings and coatings, 4.15.5-1

protection against, under insulation, 4.15.5-6

in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.4-5

vapor blanketing as cause, 4.5.3-4

in various equipment: reboilers, 4.5.3-5

waste heat boilers, 4.5.3-4

of stainless steels, 4.5.6-10/4.5.6-14

crevice corrosion, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13

intergrannular corrosion, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13

pitting corrosion, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13

stress corrosion cracking, 4.5.6-13/4.5.6-14

Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers, 3.7.1-4/3.7.1-5, 4.4.2-3/4.4.2-4
Costing of heat exchangers:

air-cooled, 4.8.3-1/4.8.3-3

introduction to, 4.8.1-1/4.8.1-10

C-value method for, 4.8.1-5/4.8.1-9

cost estimation based on heat exchanger area, 4.8.1-2/4.8.1-5

cost of estimation based on heat exchanger volume, 4.8.1-5

plate, 4.8.4-1/4.8.4-2

shell-and-tube, 4.8.2-1/4.8.2-5

Coulomb (SI unit), xxviii
Countercurrent flow:

critical heat flux in, 2.7.3-26

gas-liquid, in vertical channels, 2.3.2-21/2.3.2-22

heat exchangers, 1.1.1-1

temperature pattern for in single-phase flow, 1.1.3-1

?-NTU chart for, 1.5.2-2

Counterflow (see Countercurrent flow)
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction, 2.4.3-12
Cowie, R. C., 4.8.2-1/4.8.2-5
Cowper stove regenerator, 3.15.1-2
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method, 2.4.7-17
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, 2.5.9-3
m-Cresol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-73

saturation properties, 5.5.1-75

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-73

o-Cresol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-73

saturation properties, 5.5.1-74

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-73

p-Cresol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-74

saturation properties, 5.5.1-75

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-74

Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13
Criss-cross strip baffles, see Strip baffles
Critical constants

of mixtures, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-9

pseudocritical constants, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-2

true critical points, 5.2.7-2/5.2.7-9

of pure components, 5.1.1-1/5.1.1-6

accentric factor in, 5.1.1-4/5.1.1-5

critical pressure, 5.1.1-2/5.1.1-4

critical release, 5.1.1-4

critical temperature, 5.1.1-1/5.1.1-2

Critical density, of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems, 2.3.2-26/2.3.2-29

Henry-Fauske model for, 2.3.2-28/2.3.2-29

homogeneous models for, 2.3.2-28

Critical heat flux:

in axial flow reboilers, 3.6.2-9/3.6.2-13

in countercurrent flow, 2.7.3-33/2.7.3-34

enhancement of, in boiling in tubes, 2.7.9-3/2.7.9-4

pool boiling, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2

in evaporators, 3.5.7-5

in flow in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-7/2.7.4-8

Merilo correlation for, 2.7.4-7/2.7.4-8

in flow in inclined tubes, 2.7.4-8

in flow in vertical annuli, 2.7.3-25

in flow in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-17/2.7.3-37

nomenclature for, 2.7.3-17

with nonuniform heat flux, 2.7.3-23/2.7.3-25

with uniform heat flux, 2.7.3-17/2.7.3-23

in forced convective boiling of binary and multicomponent departure from nucleate boiling, 2.7.8-9/2.7.8-11

dryout, 2.7.8-11

in kettle reboilers, 3.6.2-5/3.6.2-7

mechanisms of, 2.7.3-26/2.7.3-28

annular flow prediction methods for, 2.7.3-28/2.7.3-33

in microchannels, 2.13.4-19/2.13.4-23

with nonaqueous fluids, 2.7.3-34/2.7.3-37

in pool boiling, 2.7.2-13/2.7.2-17

geometric effects in, 2.7.2-14/2.7.2-16

liquid viscosity effects on, 2.7.2-14

mechanisms of, 2.7.2-13

subcooling effects on, 2.7.2-16/2.7.2-17

surface condition effects on, 2.7.2-17

Zuber analysis for, 2.7.2-9/2.7.2-13

in pool boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures, 2.7.7-6/2.7.7-8

in rectangular channels, 2.7.3-20

in rod bundles, 2.7.3-21/2.7.3-22

outside single tubes in crossflow, 2.7.5-3/2.7.5-5

outside tubes in tube banks, 2.7.5-9/2.7.5-11

correlations for, 2.7.5-10/2.7.5-11

mechanisms of, 2.7.5-10

problems in vaporizer ducts, 3.18.5-2

Critical pressure:

in mixtures, 5.2.7-2, 5.2.7-5/5.2.7-9

Church and Prausnitz method for, 5.2.7-5/5.2.7-7

Li equation for, 5.2.7-2

Kreglewski and Kay method for, 5.2.7-5

pseudocritical pressure, 5.2.7-2

in pure fluids, 5.1.1-2/5.1.1-4

Joback method for, 5.1.1-4

Klincewicz and Reid correlation for, 5.1.1-2/5.1.1-4

of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178, 5.5.10-1/5.5.11-174

Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection, 2.5.8-2/2.5.8-3
Critical temperature:

in mixtures, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-4

Church and Prausnitz method for, 5.2.7-2/5.2.7-4

Li equation for, 5.2.7-2

pseudocritical temperature, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-2

in pure fluids, 5.1.1-1/5.1.1-2

Fedor's method for, 5.1.1-1

Joback method for, 5.1.1-2

Klincewicz and Reid correlation for, 5.1.1-1/5.1.1-2

of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-98, 5.5.10-1/5.5.11-174

Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-2
Critical volume (see also Critical density)

in mixtures, 5.2.7-4/5.2.7-5

Schick and Prausnitz method for, 5.2.7-4/5.2.7-5

in pure fluids, 5.1.1-4

Joback method for, 5.1.1-4

Klincewicz and Reid correlation for, 5.1.1-4

Crocco's integral, (see Busemann-Crocco integral)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers, 1.1.1-2

solutions for, 1.3.1-1/1.3.1-4

Crossflow:

in air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.5-1/3.8.5-5

boiling in over horizontal tubes and tube banks, 2.7.5-1/2.7.5-4

in cooling towers, 3.12.2-12/3.12.2-13

over cylinders (see Cylinders)

entropy generation in, 1.8.2-3/1.8.2-4

flow-induced vibration in, 4.6.1-1/4.6.6-3

heat exchangers: definition of, 1.1.1-2

solutions for heat transfer in, 1.2.6-4, 1.3.1-4

liquid metal heat transfer in, 2.5.13-5/2.5.13-7

pressure drop in gas-liquid, 2.3.2-12

in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.6-3/3.3.6-4

temperature difference correction (f-correction) and ?-NTU charts for various configurations of, 1.5.3-1/1.5.3-16

with both streams mixed, 1.5.3-3

four tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-7

four tube rows, four passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-10

four tube rows, two passes, mixed, 1.5.3-11

one tube row, unmixed, 1.5.3-4

three tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-6

three tube rows, three passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-9

two tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-5

two tube rows, two passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-8

over tube banks (see Tube banks)

Crossflow shells (see X-shells)
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:

in processing of, 3.17.6-2/3.17.6-3

Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in, 1.8.4-5/1.8.4-7
Crystallization

choice of evaporator type for, 3.5.5-2, 3.18.5-3

of amorphous silicon, molecular dynamics modelling of, 2.13.7-22

Crystallization fouling, 3.17.7-1/3.17.7-2

precipitation fouling, 3.17.2-1

solidification fouling, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-2

Cumene (see Isopropylbenzene)
Curved ducts:

dryout in evaporative heat transfer in, 2.7.4-8/2.7.4-9

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.2-15/2.2.2-18

flow characteristics in, 2.2.2-15/2.2.2-16

laminar flow in, 2.2.2-16/2.2.2-17

turbulent flow in, 2.2.2-17/2.2.2-18

Currie, R, 4.12.1/4.12.6
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers, 3.2.3-1
C-value method for heat exchanger costing, 4.8.1-5/4.8.1-9
Cyclic equilibrium, in regenerators, 3.15.10-1/3.15.10-7
Cycling, of expansion bellows, 4.10.2-4
Cyclobutane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-39

saturation properties, 5.5.1-43

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-39

Cyclohexane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-43

saturation properties, 5.5.1-46

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-43

Cyclohexanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-71

saturation properties, 5.5.1-73

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-71

Cyclohexene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-46

saturation properties, 5.5.1-49

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-46

Cyclopentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-40

saturation properties, 5.5.1-43

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-40

Cyclopentene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-46

saturation properties, 5.5.1-49

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-46

Cyclopropane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-39

saturation properties, 5.5.1-42

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-39

Cylinders:

banks of (see Tube banks)

boiling from outside horizontal in crossflow, 2.7.5-1/2.7.5-4

characteristics of as packings for fixed beds, 2.2.5-2

combined free and forced convective heat transfer from, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-6

fixed beds of, heat transfer in, 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-17

flow across, 2.2.3-3/2.2.3-7

circular, 2.2.2-3/2.2.2-7

noncircular, 2.2.3-7/2.2.3-8

pressure coefficient in, 2.2.4-2

free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-20/2.5.7-24

horizontal, 2.5.7-20/2.5.7-23

vertical and inclined, 2.5.7-23/2.5.7-24

free convective heat transfer inside horizontal, 2.5.8-14

in porous media, heat transfer

forced convection, 2.11.3-2/2.11.3-3

natural convection, 2.11.5-5

pool boiling from, 2.7.2-1/2.7.2-24

critical heat flux in, 2.7.2-13/2.7.2-17

radiative heat transfer on nonisothermal gas in, 2.9.7-3

single-phase heat transfer in flow over, 2.5.2-3/2.5.2-9

average heat transfer, 2.5.2-4/2.5.2-5

effect of heat flux direction, 2.5.2-8

in restricted channel, 2.5.2-7

local heat transfer, 2.5.2-3/2.5.2-4

steady-state thermal conduction in, 2.4.2-1/2.4.2-3

transient conduction in, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-10

numerical methods for, 2.4.3-8/2.4.3-10

series solution for, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7

solution using internal heat transfer coefficient, 2.4.3-7/2.4.3-8

under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-4

under external pressure comparison of mechanical design codes for, 4.3.4-1/4.3.4-2

EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-6

PD5500 guidelines for, 4.3.2-6

Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in, 2.4.7-27/2.4.7-31
Cylindrical enclosures containing porous medium, natural convection in, 2.11.6-4/2.11.6-5
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for, 4.3.2-4

nozzle loads in, 4.3.7-1/4.3.7-3

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Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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