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Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

Description TOC Index Editorial Board

Links to:
HEDH 2002
HEDU

Subscriptions Policy

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Index:

E

E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

recommended calculation methods for pressure drop and heat transfer in, 3.3.1-1/3.3.10-8

temperature difference correction (F) and ?-NTU charts for, 1.5.2-3/1.5.2-11

Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, 3.17.6-2
Eckert number, 2.2.1-13

effect in compressible flow in microchannels, 2.13.2-17

Eddy viscosity:

definition, 2.2.1-17, 2.2.1-22

relation to mixing length, 2.2.1-17, 2.2.1-32

Eddy diffusivity, of heat, 2.2.1-18
Edge, D., 4.9.1-1/4.9.3-4
Edwards, D. K., 2.9.1-1/2.9.7-13, 5.5.5-1/5.5.5-4
EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, 4.3.1-3
Effective diffusivity, 2.6.3-13
Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13
Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-17
Effectiveness of a heat exchanger:

cell method for, 1.6.1-1/1.6.12-1

definition, 1.2.4-3, 1.5.1-5, 2.1.2-2

Efficiency of fins, 2.4.9-1/2.4.9-17

classical solution for, 2.4.9-5/2.4.9-8

for radiation, condensation and boiling, 2.4.9-13/2.4.9-16

in air cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.3-3

simplified solutions for, 2.4.9-8/2.4.9-11

weighted fin efficiency, 2.4.9-11/2.4.9-13

EGM (see Entropy generation and minimisation)
Eicosane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-14

saturation properties, 5.5.1-18

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-14

Eicosene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-28

saturation properties, 5.5.1-32

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-28

Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, 3.22.2-14/3.22.2-23

fundamental properties of, 3.22.2-14/3.22.2-15

models for, 3.22.2-15/3.22.2-23

constant pressure model, 3.22.2-15/3.22.2-18

semi-empirical models for, 3.22.2-18/3.22.2-23

EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows, 4.10.2-3, 4.10.2-5/4.10.2-6
Elastic analysis, in mechanical design, 4.1.2-1
Elastic properties of solids:

anelasticity-damping capacity, 5.4.5-5

anisotropy, 5.4.5-4/5.4.5-5

introduction to, 5.4.5-1

isotropic materials, 5.4.5-3/5.4.5-4

static and dynamic properties, 5.4.5-2

stress-strain curve, 5.4.5-2/5.4.5-3

tables of, 5.5.8-1/5.5.8-3

El-Dessouky, H., 3.22.2-1/3.22.3-20
Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, 5.3.8-1/5.3.8-2
Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, 2.6.6-13
Electrical process heater, specification of, 4.9.2-7/4.9.2-10
Electromagnetic theory of radiation, 2.9.2-7/2.9.2-10
Electronics systems, cooling of, 2.13.5-1/2.13.5-2, see also Microchannels.

using microheat pipes, 2.13.8-1/2.13.8-26

Electrostatic charges, effect on

single phase flow in microchannels, 2.13.2-10/2.13.2-12

Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-3/2.5.11-4, 2.5.11-8/2.5.11-9, 2.7.9-4
Elements:

liquid physical properties, 5.5.10-166/5.5.10-171

saturation properties, 5.5.1-166/5.5.1-172

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-166/5.5.11-174

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-46/5.5.14-56

Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, 1.2.3-6
Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, 2.9.7-7/2.9.7-8
Embittlement, of stainless steels, 4.5.6-8/4.5.6-10

sigma-phase, 4.5.6-9/4.5.6-10

Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, 2.9.2-1/2.9.2-3

characteristics of, 2.9.2-1/2.9.2-2

measurement of, 2.9.2-3

Emissivity:

of gaseous combustion products, 3.11.3-4

of gases, 2.9.5-1/2.9.5-13

regression equations for carbon dioxide and water vapors, 3.15.11-6

table, 5.5.5-1/5.5.5-4

of solids, 5.4.4-1/5.4.4-6

of surfaces: definition, 2.9.2-1

measurement of, 2.9.2-3

tables, 5.5.7-1/5.5.7-3

total, of solids, table, 3.11.3-6

Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, 2.9.8-7/2.9.8-10
Emulsions, viscosity of, 2.3.5-16/2.3.5-19
EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, 4.3.3-1/4.3.3-25

basis for design with, 4.3.3-3

bellows, shell, 4.3.3-14/4.3.3-15

brittle fracture, 4.3.3-22/4.3.3-23

cones under internal pressure, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-5

large end core without knuckle, 4.3.3-5

offset cones, 4.3.3-5

cylinders and spheres under internal pressure, 4.3.3-4

design by formula, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-18

dished heads under internal pressure, 4.3.3-5/4.3.5-6

external pressure, 4.3.3-5/4.3.3-7

cylinders under, 4.3.3-6

dished heads and spheres under, 4.3.3-7

limpet coils, 4.3.3-7

stiffeners against, 4.3.3-6/4.3.3-7

fatigue, 4.3.3-21/4.3.3-22

flat ends, 4.3.3-13/4.3.3-14

floating head components, 4.3.3-7

girth flanges, 4.3.3-7/4.3.3-9

alternative rules for, 4.3.3-16/4.3.3-18

comparison of EN13445 method with original Taylor Forge method, 4.3.3-8/4.3.3-9

lap jointed, 4.3.3-9

with full face gaskets, 4.3.3-9

gross plastic deformation, 4.3.3-19/4.3.3-20

inspection, 4.3.3-23

limpet coils, 4.3.3-9

materials of construction in, 4.3.3-2

nozzles, 4.3.3-13

pipe loads (on nozzles and attachments), 4.3.3-15/4.3.3-16

pressure testing, 4.3.3-23/4.3.3-24

progressive plastic deformation, 4.3.3-20/4.3.3-21

saddle supports, 4.3.3-9/4.3.3-10

safety factors in, 4.3.3-3/4.3.3-4

specification of duty in, 4.3.3-2/4.3.3-3

calculation pressure, 4.3.3-2

calculation temperature, 4.3.3-2

design pressure, 4.3.3-2

fatigue, 4.3.3-3

mechanical loads, 4.4.3-2

tolerances, 4.3.3-23

tubesheets and tubes, 4.3.3-10/4.3.3-13

alternative rules for, 4.3.3-12/4.3.3-13

compressive stress in tubes, 4.3.3-12

fixed with expansion bellows, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-12

fixed without expansion bellows, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-13

floating head, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-12

in U-tube exchangers, 4.3.3-11

tube/tubesheet welds, 4.3.3-12

vessels of rectangular cross section, 4.3.3-16

welds, 4.3.3-23

Enclosures:

annuli, free convective heat transfer in: horizontal, 2.5.8-14/2.5.8-16

vertical (heated on vertical curved surfaces), 2.5.8-13/2.5.8-14

concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in, 2.5.8-16

free convection heat transfer in, when heated from below, 2.5.8-3/2.5.8-6

critical Rayleigh number, 2.5.8-3/2.5.8-6

heat transfer rates, 2.5.8-6

modes of circulation, 2.5.8-6

honeycombs, free convective heat transfer in, 2.5.8-20/2.5.8-23

horizontal cylinders, free convective heat transfer inside, 2.5.8-14

inclined, free convective heat transfer in, 2.5.8-17/2.5.8-20

large aspect ratios, 2.5.8-17/2.5.8-19

moderate aspect ratios, 2.5.8-20

in porous media, natural convection heat transfer in, 2.11.6-1/2.11.6-6

rectangular, free convective heat transfer in, when heated from the sides, 2.5.8-6/2.5.8-13

flow patterns in, 2.5.8-6/2.5.8-8

large aspect ratios, 2.5.8-8/2.5.8-10

with local heating, 2.5.8-13

low aspect ratios, 2.5.8-10/2.5.8-13

Energy, conversion of units, xxx, xlv-lvi

chart for, lii

Energy, internal (seeSpecific internal energy)
Energy equation:

in boundary layers, 2.2.1-20/2.2.1-21

in compressible duct flow, 2.2.2-13

differential form in single-phase flow, 2.2.1-6/2.2.1-7

in gas-liquid flows, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9

homogeneous flow, 2.3.2-8

separated flow, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9

in heat exchangers, 1.2.6-2/1.2.6-3

in porous media, 2.11.1-5

integral form in single-phase flow, 2.2.1-3

in multiphase flows: homogeneous, 2.3.1-5/2.3.1-6

separated flow, 2.3.1-7

in non-Newtonian flow, 2.5.12-5

in turbulent flow, 2.2.1-16

Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, 1.7.2-6/1.7.2-9
Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, 3.17.7-14/3.17.7-21
Enhancement devices:

for condensation, 2.6.6-1/2.6.6-32

for single-phase heat transfer, 2.5.11-1/2.5.11-12

Enhancement of heat transfer (see Augmentation)
Enlargements in pipes:

single-phase flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.2-18/2.2.2-21

diffusers, 2.2.2-18/2.2.2-21

sudden enlargements, 2.2.2-19

two-phase flow and pressure drop in, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-16

slow change, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-16

sudden enlargement, 2.3.2-16

Enthalpy:

changes in streams in heat exchangers, 1.2.4-1/1.2.4-2

conversion of units for, xxx-xxxi, xlv-lvi

of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175

of saturated liquids and vapors, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178

of superheated fluids, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36

of vaporisation, 5.1.3-4/5.1.3-7

from normal boiling point (Chen method), 5.1.3-5

from normal boiling point (Reide/method), 5.1.3-5

from normal boiling point (Vetere method), 5.1.3-6

from vapour-pressure equation, 5.1.3-5

(See also Specific enthalpy)
Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-11, 2.7.3-24
Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer:

comparison of laminar and turbulent flows, 2.1.7-1/2.1.7-2

in turbulent flow heat transfer, 2.5.1-7

Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, 2.2.2-11
Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 2.2.7-7/2.2.7-8
Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.2-2
Entropy (see Specific entropy)
Entropy generation and minimisation

at component level, 1.8.3-1/1.8.3-8

in counterflow heat exchangers, 1.8.3-1/1.8.3-3

in heat storage, 1.8.3-4/1.8.3-8

at elemental level, 1.8.2-1/1.8.2-7

in boundary layer, 1.8.2-4

in cross flow, 1.8.2-3/1.8.2-4

in ducts, 1.8.2-3/1.8.3-2-4

in heat transfer augmentation, 1.8.2-5/1.8.2-7

at system level, 1.8.4-1/1.8.4-7

in cryogenic heat exchangers, 1.8.4-5/1.8.4-7

in power plant, 1.8.4-1/1.8.4-3

in refrigeration plant, 1.8.4-3/1.8.4-5

in heat exchangers, 1.8.1-1/1.8.4-7

Environmental impact, of fouling, 3.17.5-1/3.17.5-2
Eotvos number:

in bubble departure, 2.7.1-11

definition, 2.3.2-19, 2.13.5-2

Epstein, N., 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-5
Epstein matrix, for fouling, 3.17.3-1
Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, 4.10.2-2
Equation of motion, molecular, for use in molecular dynamics simulations, 2.13.7-2
Equilibrium interphase:

in binary and multicomponent mixture, 2.7.6-1/2.7.6-4

introduction, 1.2.1-3

metastable and stable, 2.7.1-1

Equilibrium vapor nucleus, 2.7.1-3
Equivalent sand roughness, 2.2.1-34/2.2.2-35
Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds, 2.2.5-3, 2.11.1-4
ESDU correlations:

for heat transfer in banks of low finned tubes, 2.5.3-26/2.5.3-27

for heat transfer in plain tube banks, 2.5.3-13/2.5.3-16

Esters:

liquid physical properties, 5.5.10-34/5.5.10-84

saturation properties, 5.5.1-76/5.5.1-85

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-74/5.5.11-84

Ethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-5

saturation properties, 5.5.1-9

superheated vapors: physical properties, 5.5.11-5

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-3

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-4

Ethanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-61

saturation properties, 5.5.1-64

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-61

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-23

Ethers:

liquid physical properties, 5.5.10-100/5.5.10-107

saturation properties, 5.5.1-101/5.5.1-108

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-100/5.5.11-107

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-28

Ethyl acetate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-77

saturation properties, 5.5.1-78

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-77

Ethylacetylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-38

saturation properties, 5.5.1-41

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-38

Ethylacrylate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-83

saturation properties, 5.5.1-84

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-83

Ethylamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-140

saturation properties, 5.5.1-140

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-139

Ethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-48

saturation properties, 5.5.1-51

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-48

Ethyl benzoate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-84

saturation properties, 5.5.1-85

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-84

Ethyl butanoate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-82

saturation properties, 5.5.1-83

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-82

Ethyl chloride (see Chloroethane)
Ethylcyclohexane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-44

saturation properties, 5.5.1-47

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-44

Ethylcyclopentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-41

saturation properties, 5.5.1-44

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-41

Ethylether (see Diethylether)
Ethyl formate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-75

saturation properties, 5.5.1-76

superheated vapour properties, 5.5.11-75

Ethyl fluoride (see Fluorethane)
Ethyl iodide (see Iodoethane)
Ethylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-19

saturation properties, 5.5.1-23

superheated gaseous:

physical properties, 5.5.11-19

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-7

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-15

Ethylene diamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-145

saturation properties, 5.5.1-145

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-144

Ethylene glycol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-69

saturation properties, 5.5.1-71

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-69

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-26

Ethylene oxide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-105

saturation properties, 5.5.1-105

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-104

Ethylene plants, waste heat boilers for, 3.16.2-5
Ethylmercaptan:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-154

saturation properties, 5.5.1-153

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-153

1-Ethylnaphthalene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-60

saturation properties, 5.5.1-63

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-60

2-Ethylnaphthalene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-60

saturation properties, 5.5.1-63

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-60

Ethyl proprionate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-80

saturation properties, 5.5.1-81

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-80

Ethyl propylether:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-102

saturation properties, 5.5.1-102

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-102

Ettouney, H., 3.22.1-1/3.22.3-54
Euler number:

definition, 2.2.1-13

effect of roughness on, in flow over tube banks, 2.2.4-14/2.2.4-15

in flow over tube banks, 2.2.4-5/2.2.4-12

European Economic Community (see EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers)
Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, 2.6.4-2/2.6.4-3
Evaporation:

direct contact, 2.10.3-1/2.10.3-4

flow regimes in, 2.3.2-6/2.3.2-7

fouling in, 3.17.7-9/3.17.7-10

at an interface, 2.7.1-2

interfacial resistance in, 2.1.7-8

introduction to, 2.1.7-6/2.1.7-8

in plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.13-1/3.9.13-2

in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.12-1

(See also Boiling)

Evaporative coolers, 3.12.5-4/3.12.5-5
Evaporative crystallisers, 3.5.2-10/3.5.2-12
Evaporators:

arrangements for thermal economy, 3.5.3-1/3.5.3-4

flash evaporation, 3.5.3-3 (see also Flash evaporation)

multiple effect, 3.5.3-1/3.5.3-2

vapor recompression, 3.5.3-2/3.5.3-3

choice of tube diameter for, 3.5.5-3

choice of type of, 3.5.5-1/3.5.5-3

concentration, 3.5.5-2

crystallization, 3.5.5-2/3.5.5-3

vaporization, 3.5.5-2

design aspects, 3.5.4-1/3.5.4-5

condensers for, 3.5.4-2/3.5.4-3

crystallisers, 3.5.4-4/3.5.4-5

desuperheaters for, 3.5.4-4

hot fluid space in, 3.5.4-1

separators for, 3.5.4-1/3.5.4-2

estimation of heat transfer coefficients in, 3.5.7-1/3.5.7-6

boiling liquid, 3.5.7-3/3.5.7-5

critical heat flux, 3.5.7-5

dry wall convection, 3.5.7-5

liquid falling film evaporation, 3.5.7-3

mixture effects, 3.5.7-4/3.5.7-5

nucleate boiling, 3.5.7-3/3.5.7-4

two-phase convective boiling, 3.5.7-4

fouling, 3.5.7-2

heating fluid, 3.5.7-1

wall, 3.5.7-1/3.5.7-2

estimation of pressure drop and circulation in, 3.5.6-2

estimation of surface area in, 3.5.8-4

computer-aided design, 3.5.8-2/3.5.8-4

manual methods, 3.5.8-1/3.5.8-2

in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems 3.22.2-12/3.22.2-15

introduction to, 3.5.1-2

as type of heat exchanger, 1.1.5-2

types, 3.5.2-1/3.5.2-12

basket, 3.5.2-3/3.5.2-4

bayonet-tube, 3.5.2-1/3.5.2-2

climbing film, 3.5.2-5/3.5.2-6

evaporative crystallisers, 3.5.2-10/3.5.2-12

falling film, 3.5.2-6/3.5.2-7, 3.6.1-7/3.6.1-8

horizontal shell side, 3.5.2-1

horizontal tube side, 3.5.2-7/3.5.2-8

long-tube vertical, 3.5.2-3/3.5.2-4

plate, 3.5.2-9, 3.7.4-1/3.7.4-7

scraped surface, 3.5.2-9

short-tube vertical, 3.5.2-3

Exergy, definition of, 1.9.2-1/1.9.2-2
Exergy analysis, 1.9.1-1/1.9.5-11

calculation of exergy, 1.9.3-1/1.9.3-3

chemical exergy, 1.9.3-2/1.9.3-3

effect of pressure, 1.9.3-2

effect of temperature, 1.9.3-1/1.9.3-2

history of, 1.9.2-1

introduction to, 1.9.1-1

lost work in unit operations, 1.9.5-1/1.9.5-11

in compression, 1.9.5-5

in distillation column, 1.9.5-8/1.9.5-10

in expansion turbine, 1.9.5-5/1.9.5-6

in fluid flow, 1.9.5-6/1.9.5-7

in heat transfer, 1.9.5-1/1.9.5-5

in hydraulic turbine, 1.9.5-8

in pumping, 1.9.5-7/1.9.5-8

reversible (minimum work) for

in chemical reaction, 1.9.4-3

in compression, 1.9.4-2/1.9.4-3

in liquefaction, 1.9.4-2

of separation, 1.9.4-1/1.9.4-2

Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, 2.2.7-8
Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

analysis of, 4.10.2-4/4.10.2-5

Kopp and Sayre method (for pressure), 4.10.2-4

fatigue life, 4.10.2-5

finite-element methods for, 4.10.2-5

applications of:

fixed tube-sheet exchangers, 4.10.2-3

floating head exchanger, 4.10.2-3

code rules for, 4.10.2-5/4.10.2-6

EN13445 code guidance for, 4.3.3-11, 4.3.3-14/4.3.3-15

PD5500 code guidance for, 4.3.2-12/4.3.2-13

TEMA code for, 4.10.2-6

cycling of, 4.10.2-4

design loadings for, 4.10.2-3

EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for, 4.10.2-2, 4.10.2-5/4.10.2-6

in head exchanger fabricators, 4.10.2-6/4.10.2-7

internal sleeves for, 4.10.2-2

manufacture of, 4.10.2-1

operational aspects of:

inspection, 4.10.2-7

repair, 4.10.2-7

reinforcing or equalizing rings for, 4.10.2-2

specification of, 4.10.2-6

thin-wall type, single-ply and multi-ply, 4.10.2-1/4.10.2-2

Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (see EJMA)
Expansion joints, mechanical design of:

basic principles, 4.1.6-1

constructional details, 4.2.6-10/4.2.6-11

Expansion of tubes into tube sheets:

explosive, 4.2.6-7

roller, 4.2.6-6/4.2.6-7

Expansion turbine, lost work in, 1.9.5-5/1.9.5-6
Explicit design, of regenerators, 3.15.11-1/3.15.11-9
Explosively clad plate, 4.5.5-1/4.5.5-6

advantages of, 4.5.5-1

applications of, 4.5.5-2

bond characteristics, 4.5.5-4

cladding procedure, 4.5.5-2/4.5.5-3

design considerations, 4.5.5-6

inspection and qualification, 4.5.5-3

Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets, 4.2.6-8/4.2.6-10, 4.11.4-1/4.11.4-6
Explosive expansion joints, 4.11.3-4

use for repair, 4.11.4-4/4.11.4-5

Extended surfaces (see also Fins)

fin efficiency in use of (see Efficiency of fins)

operational principles of, 2.4.9-1/2.4.9-3

types of, 2.4.9-3/2.4.9-5

high radial fins, 2.4.9-4/2.4.9-5

longitudinal straight fins, 2.4.9-3

low radial fins, 2.4.9-3/2.4.9-4

Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, 3.6.2-3
Extinction coefficient, 2.9.5-1
Extinction efficiency, 2.9.5-1
Extruders, heat transfer in, 3.14.3-5/3.14.3-6
Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian), 2.2.8-7