Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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F

F-correction method:

application to single-pass cocurrent and countercurrent flow exchangers, 1.3.1-2/1.3.1-4, 1.5.2-1/1.5.2-2

F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, 1.5.2-2/1.5.3-16

for calculation of heat exchangers, 1.2.4-4, 1.5.1-1/1.5.3-16

bayonet type exchangers, 1.5.3-14

crossflow,

both fluids mixed, 1.5.3-3

definition of terms, 1.5.3-1/1.5.3-2

four tube rows, four passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-10

four tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-7

four tube rows, two passes, mixed, 1.5.3-11

one tube row, unmixed, 1.5.3-4

solutions for ?Tm, 1.5.3-12/1.5.3-13

three tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-6

three tube rows, three passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-9

two tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-5

two tube rows, two tube passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-9

double-pipe heat exchangers, 3.2.3-4/3.2.3-5

effect of variable coefficients on, 1.5.3-14/1.5.3-15

E-shell with even number of passes, 1.5.2-5

five E-shells in series, 1.5.2-9

four E-shells in series, 1.5.2-8

six E-shells in series, 1.5.2-10

three E-shells in series, 1.5.2-7

two E-shells in series, 1.5.2-6

E-shell, three tube side passes, 1.5.2-12

G-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-11

J-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-14

J-shell, one tube pass, 1.5.2-13

single pass cocurrent, 1.5.2-3

spiral heat exchangers, 1.5.3-13/1.5.3-14

F-factor method:

for temperature difference (see F-correction method)

Tong, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heat flux, 2.7.3-19/2.7.3-20

F-type shells:

calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, 3.3.11-2

discussion of, 3.3.4-3

thermal leakage in, 1.5.2-17

Fabrication:

of expansion bellows, 4.10.2-6/4.10.2-7

of waste heat boilers, 3.16.3-1

Failure modes of heat exchangers, 4.1.1-3/4.1.1-5

corrosion and other damage mechanisms, 4.5.3-1/4.5.3-7

ductile fracture, 4.1.1-3

high strain fatigue, 4.1.1-5

incremental collapse, 4.1.1-3/4.1.1-5

Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, 2.10.2-1/2.10.2-3
Falling film evaporator:

description of, 3.5.2-6/3.5.2-7

heat transfer coefficient in, 3.5.7-3

mass transfer in, 2.1.7-8

operational problems in, 3.18.5-3

as vaporizer, 3.6.1-7/3.6.1-8

Falling film plate evaporator, 3.7.4-6/3.7.4-7
Fanning friction factor (see Friction factor)
Fanno flow, 2.2.2-14
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:

drive design, 3.8.7-2, 4.4.1-4/4.4.1-6

noise emission, 3.8.9-1/3.8.9-2, 3.18.3-4/3.18.3-6

operational problems, 3.18.3-4

power consumption, 3.8.7-1/3.8.7-2

selection and sizing, 3.8.7-1

Fans (forced and induced draft), for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-14/3.16.2-15
Farad (SI unit), xxviii
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger, 4.1.1-5, 4.3.2-15 4.5.3-2/4.5.3-3, 4.6.1-2

in EN13445 code

guidance, 4.3.3-21/4.3.3-22

specification, 4.3.3-3

Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, 4.10.2-5
Fawcett, R., 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-17, 4.3.3-1/4.3.3-25
Fedor's method, for critical temperature, 5.1.1-1
Feedwater heater, for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-1/3.16.2-3

economical type, 3.16.2-3

underaerated type, 3.16.2-1/3.16.2-2

Feedwater pumps, for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-2/3.16.2-3
Feedwater treatment, for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-1
Feng, Z. P., 2.13.5-1/2.13.5-20
Fenghour, A., 5.1.1-1/5.1.1-6, 5.1.2-1/5.1.2-23, 5.1.3-1/5.1.3-13 5.2.1-1/5.2.1-7, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-9
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, 4.5.2-3/4.5.2-4
Fick's law for diffusion, 2.1.1-2

extensions to multicomponent system, 2.1.5-1

generalised form, 2.6.3-13

limitations in, 2.1.1-1/2.1.1-4

Film boiling:

in axial flow reboilers, 3.6.2-9

in crossflow over single cylinder, 2.7.5-5

in forced convective boiling on vertical surfaces, 2.7.3-38/2.7.3-39

vertical flat plate, 2.7.3-39

vertical rod, 2.7.3-39

in kettle reboilers, 3.6.2-5/3.6.2-7

in pool boiling, 2.7.2-18/2.7.2-20

in tube bundles, 2.7.5-11

Film cooler, approximate overall heat transfer coefficients in, 2.1.2-4
Film model, condenser design by, 2.6.3-17, 2.6.4-8/2.6.4-13
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-34
Film-type direct-contact condensers, 3.20.1-3, 3.20.3-1/3.20.3-5

condensation on a film flowing over a sphere, 3.20.3-1/3.20.3-3

effect of noncondensables in, 3.20.3-3/3.20.3-4

packed-bed condenser, 3.20.1-3

volumetric heat transfer coefficients in packed bed type, 3.20.3-3

Films in heat exchangers, 1.1.4-2
Filmwise condensation:

description of, 2.6.1-1

of pure vapors, 2.6.2-1/2.6.2-19

inside horizontal tubes, 2.6.2-12/2.6.2-15

outside horizontal tubes, 2.6.2-8/2.6.2-12

interfacial resistance in, 2.6.2-14

with liquid metals, 2.6.2-15/2.6.2-16

on vertical surfaces, 2.6.2-2, 2.6.2-9

Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, 5.5.15-48
Finite-difference equations:

application to natural convection in enclosures, 2.5.8-8

for conduction, 2.4.7-5/2.4.7-19, 2.4.7-25/2.4.7-31

for flow pattern calculation, 1.4.2-1/1.4.2-4

for heat exchangers, 1.4.1-3/1.4.1-4

Finite difference methods:

for conduction, 2.4.7-1/2.4.7-39

grid selection for, 2.4.7-3/2.4.7-5

equations for, 2.4.7-5/2.4.7-19, 2.4.7-25/2.4.7-31

program for, 2.4.7-32/2.4.7-39

mathematical model for, 2.4.7-2/2.4.7-3

Finite-element methods:

for conduction, 2.4.8-1/2.4.8-30

boundary conditions, 2.4.8-2

coding considerations, 2.4.8-26/2.4.8-28

control volume method, 2.4.8-17/2.4.8-21

Galerkin method, 2.4.8-11/2.4.8-17

geometrical considerations, 2.4.8-11/2.4.8-17

governing equation, 2.4.8-2

solution of algebraic equations, 2.4.8-21/2.4.8-26

for expansion bellows design, 4.10.2-5

in mechanical design, 4.1.9-1/4.1.9-8

use in heat exchanger analysis, 4.1.9-3/4.1.9-5

in vibration analysis, 4.1.9-5/4.1.9-8

Finned-tube banks (see Tube banks, finned)

in air cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.4-1/3.8.4-2

Fins (see also Extended surfaces):

application in enhancement of boiling heat transfer, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-4

as augmentation devices, 2.5.11-2

in condensation, 2.6.6-9/2.6.6-13, 2.6.6-17, 2.6.6-24

internally finned tubes, 2.5.11-5/2.5.11-6, 2.6.6-17, 2.6.6-24

in natural convection, 2.5.11-3/2.5.11-4

contact resistance for wound and grooved, 2.4.6-4/2.4.6-6

on cylinders in tube banks: pressure drop in, 2.2.4-13/2.2.4-14

description of types, 2.4.9-3/2.4.9-5

effect on flow over cylinders, 2.2.3-7

efficiency of (see Efficiency of fins)

free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-25

longitudinal (straight): application in double-pipe heat

description of, 2.4.9-3

exchangers, 3.2.1-1/3.2.6-2

efficiency of, 2.4.9-5/2.4.9-8, 3.2.1-1/3.2.6-2

low finned tubes: applications in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.11-2/3.3.11-4

description of, 2.4.9-3/2.4.9-4

correlation for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, 2.5.3-12/2.5.3-13

in longitudinal flow in tube banks, 3.3.12-12/3.3.12-13

use in boiling augmentation, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2

radiating, 2.9.8-6/2.9.8-7

single-phase forced convective heat transfer to banks of tubes with, 2.5.3-19/2.5.3-30

efficiency of fins in, 2.4.9-5/2.4.9-30, 2.5.3-19/2.5.3-20

experimental data compared with correlations for, 2.5.3-21/2.5.3-23

heat transfer correlations for high fins, 2.5.3-21/2.5.3-26

heat transfer correlations for low fins, 2.5.3-26/2.5.3-28

types, in heat exchangers, 1.1.4-1

types used in air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.3-1/3.8.3-3

Fire-tube boiler, 3.11.2-3
Fire-tube waste heat boilers:

horizontal coil type, 3.16.2-4

horizontal (reformed gas) type, 3.16.2-5/3.16.2-6

Fired heaters, 3.11.2-1/3.11.2-2
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, 2.9.8-21/2.9.8-23
Fires, protection against, 4.15.6-1/4.15.6-2

fireproofing materials and systems, 4.15.6-2

types of fires, 4.15.6-1

Firsova, E. V., 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-10
Fittings, pipe (see Piping components)
Fixed beds:

as regeneration devices, 3.15.10-2/3.15.10-3, 3.15.1-1/3.15.1-3

Cowper stoves, 3.15.2-1/3.15.2-3

general design procedures for, 3.15.11-4

heat transfer relationship for, 3.15.11-5

packings for, 3.15.2-1/3.15.2-3

pressure drop in, 3.15.11-5

characteristics of packings in, 2.2.5-2

fouling in, 3.17.7-22/3.17.7-23

heat transfer in, with fluid flowing through, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-17

heat transfer between wall and fluid, 2.8.2-6/2.8.2-11

influence of wall on porosity and flax, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-6

simplified models for, 2.8.2-12/2.8.2-14

transient axial dispersion in, 2.8.2-11/2.8.2-12

heat transfer in stagnant (with no flow through), 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13

effect of moisture migration, 2.8.1-10/2.8.1-13

effective thermal conductivity of, 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13

types of models for, 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-2

Zehner, Bauer and Schlunder model for, 2.8.1-2/2.8.1-10

nonuniform heat transfer in, 2.1.4-3/2.1.4-4

single-phase flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.5-1/2.2.5-7

voidage in, 2.2.5-1

Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:

comparison of codes, 4.3.4-2/4.3.4-3

expansion bellows for, 4.10.2-3

mechanical features, 4.2.3-1/4.2.3-4

Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, 4.3.2-7/4.3.2-94, <14.1-1>/4.14.8-5

basic principles, 4.1.7-1/4.1.7-2

bolting of, 4.13.1-1/4.13.6-3

comparison of codes, 4.3.4-3/4.3.4-4

constructional features, 4.2.6-3/4.2.6-5

facings for, 4.14.4-1/4.14.4-2

floating head flanges, 4.14.6-1/4.14.6-2

girth flange, 4.3.2-7/4.3.2-9, 4.14.2

constructional details of, 4.2.6-3

design of, 4.14.5-1/4.14.5-3

EN13445 code rules for, 4.3.3-7/4.3.3-9, 4.3.3-16/4.3.3-18

PD5500 code, rules for, 4.3.2-7/4.3.2-9

high pressure flanges, 4.14.8-1/4.14.8-4

compact, 4.14.8-2/4.14.8-3

pressure-energised gaskets for, 4.14.8-1/4.14.8-2

shear loaded closures for, 4.14.8-3/4.14.8-4

integrity in bolting, 4.13.6-1/4.13.6-3

internal flanges, 4.14.2-1

lap joint flange, 4.14.3-2

nozzle flanges, 4.14.2-1, 4.14.7-1/4.14.7-2

ring-type flange, 4.14.3-1

weld neck flange, 4.14.3-1

Flash evaporation, 3.5.3-2, 3.22.1-1/3.22.3-20

in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), 3.22.3-9/3.22.3-12

industrial applications, 3.22.1-2/3.22.1-3

mathematical models for, 3.22.2-34/3.22.2-50

multistage flash with brine recirculation (MSF), 3.22.2-45/3.22.2-50

multistage flash, once thorugh (MSF-OT), 3.22.2-40/3.22.2-45

single stage flash (SSF), 3.22.2-34/3.22.2-40

multistage flashing, stage in, 3.22.2-7/3.22.2-54

condenser/preheater tubes in, 3.22.2-8/3.22.2-11

interstage brine transfer devices for, 3.22.2-30/3.22.2-34

venting and steam ejectors in, 3.22.2-11/3.22.2-23

wire mesh demisters for, 3.22.2-23/3.22.2-30

nature of, 3.22.1-1/3.22.1-2

processes in, 3.22.2-1/3.22.2-54

multistage flashing with brine recirculation (MSF), 3.22.2-5/3.22.2-7

once through multistage flashing (MST-OT), 3.22.2-4/3.22.2-5

single stage flashing (SSF), 3.22.2-2/3.22.2-4

Flat absorber of thermal radiation, 2.9.2-15
Flat heads:

analytical basis of code rules for, 4.3.3-2

comparison of code rules for, 4.3.4-4

PD5500 guidance for, 4.3.2-11/4.3.2-12

Flat plate:

free convective heat transfer on: inclined and horizontal plates, 2.5.7-13/2.5.7-19

vertical plates, 2.5.7-2/2.5.7-13

laminar flow along, 2.2.1-25/2.2.1-28

effect of buoyancy forces, 2.2.1-27

effect of density-viscosity function, 2.2.1-26

effect of Mach number, 2.2.1-27

effect of Prandtl number, 2.2.1-27

effect of suction or injection, 2.2.1-27

effect of wall temperature, 2.2.1-22/2.2.1-27

higher-order effects, 2.2.1-28

reference temperature, 2.2.1-26/2.2.1-27

single-phase forced convective heat transfer in, 2.5.2-1/2.5.2-5

combined turbulent/laminar flow, 2.5.2-2/2.5.2-3

laminar flow, uniform heat flux, 2.5.2-2

laminar flow, uniform temperature, 2.5.2-1/2.5.2-2

turbulent flow, 2.5.2-2

with unheated zone, 2.5.2-3

transition flow along, 2.2.1-28/2.2.1-29

effect of outer flow turbulence, 2.2.1-28

effect of pressure gradient, 2.2.1-28

heat transfer in, 2.2.1-29

suction on blowing effect, 2.2.1-28/2.2.1-29

surface roughness, 2.2.1-28

turbulent flow along, 2.2.1-33/2.2.1-35

effect of suction or injection, 2.2.1-35

Mach number effect on, 2.2.1-35

roughness effect on, 2.2.1-34

Flat reflector of thermal radiation, 2.9.2-14
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

comparison of codes for, 4.3.4-2

EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-7, 4.3.3-4/4.3.3-12

detailed constructional features, 4.2.3-4/4.2.3-7

outside packed type, 4.2.3-7

packed-lantern ring type, 4.2.3-5/4.2.3-6

pull-through type, 4.2.3-5

split backing ring type, 4.2.3-4/4.2.3-5

discussion, 3.3.5-12/3.3.5-13

example of calculation of heat exchanger mechanical design with, 4.3.6-1/4.3.6-23

expansion bellows for, 4.10.2-3

flanges for, 4.14.6-1/4.14.6-2

flanges in, 4.2.6-3

mechanical design, basic principles, 4.1.4-2/4.1.4-4

Flooding phenomena:

in gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes, 2.3.2-21/2.3.2-23

in reflux condensation, 2.6.2-7/2.6.2-9, 3.4.3-2/3.4.3-3

Pushkina and Sorokin correlation for, 2.3.2-22

as source of critical heat flux limitation in countercurrent flow:

in tube banks, 2.7.5-10

in tubes, 2.7.3-33/2.7.3-34

Wallis correlation for, 2.3.2-22, 2.6.2-8

Florschuetz and Chao method, for bubble collapse in bubble-type direct-contact condenser, 3.20.4-2
Flow distribution:

in air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.18.3-3/3.18.3-4

air side, 3.18.3-3/3.18.3-4

process side, 3.18.3-3

in cooling towers, 3.18.6-1/3.18.6-2

air distribution, 3.18.6-1/3.18.6-2

water distribution, 3.18.6-1

in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.6-2, 3.7.8-3/3.7.8-4, 4.4.3-3

Flow-induced vibration, 4.6.1-1/4.6.6-4

design considerations, 4.6.6-1/4.6.6-3

finite element methods in, 4.1.9-5/4.1.9-8

introduction, 4.6.1-1/4.6.1-2

sources of damage by, 4.6.1-1/4.6.1-2

prediction procedure, 4.6.5-1/4.6.5-2

shell-side velocities causing, 4.6.3-1/4.6.3-3

tube bundle vibration characteristics, 4.6.2-1/4.6.2-4

amplitude of vibration, 4.6.2-4

damping, 4.6.2-4

finned-tube natural frequencies, 4.6.2-3

span lengths, 4.6.2-3

straight tube natural frequencies, 4.6.2-1/4.6.2-3

U-bend tube natural frequencies, 4.6.2-3

vibration phenomena, 4.6.4-1/4.6.4-4

acoustic vibration, 4.6.4-3/4.6.4-4

combined phenomena, 4.6.4-4

fluid elastic instability, 4.6.4-2/4.6.4-3

parallel flow eddy formation, 4.6.4-3

turbulent buffeting, 4.6.4-2

vortex shedding, 4.6.4-1/4.6.4-2

Flow measurement, in air cooled heat exchangers, 3.18.3-6/3.18.3-7
Flow patterns (see Flow regimes)
Flow quality (see Quality)
Flow regimes:

in boiling outside single horizontal tubes, 2.7.5-1

in boiling in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-4

in combined free and forced convection in channels:

circular pipes, 2.5.10-1/2.5.10-2

rectangular channels, 2.5.10-11

in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-4

in condensation-forming immiscible liquids, 2.6.4-2

in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-1, 2.2.6-2

in gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-7

horizontal tubes, 2.3.2-2/2.3.2-4

in microchannels, 2.13.5-5/2.13.5-12, 2.13.4-4/2.13.4-6, 2.13.6-2/2.13.6-5

inclined tubes, 2.3.2-4/2.3.2-5

shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.3.2-5/2.3.2-6, 3.4.7-2

systems with phase change, 2.3.2-6/2.3.2-7, 2.13.4-4/2.13.4-6, 2.13.6-2/2.13.6-5

vertical tubes, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-2

influence of free convection on, in horizontal pipe flow, 2.2.2-6

in liquid-liquid flow, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-7, 2.3.5-24/2.3.5-29

horizontal tubes, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-4

transition of, 2.3.5-24/2.3.5-29

vertical and inclined tubes, 2.3.5-4/2.3.5-7

in liquid-liquid-gas flow, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-4

in natural convection in enclosures, 2.5.8-6/2.5.8-8

in single-phase flow in tube banks, 2.2.4-1/2.2.4-3

in single-phase flow over immersed bodies:

boundary layer regime, 2.2.3-1/2.2.3-2

over circular cylinders, 2.2.3-3

over noncircular cylinders, 2.2.3-6/2.2.3-7

in solid-gas flow, 2.3.3-2

Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, 3.3.13-1/3.3.13-10

Wills-Johnson method for, 3.3.13-2/3.3.13-9

comparison with data, 3.3.13-5

example of use of, 3.3.13-5/3.3.13-9

resistance coefficients for use with, 3.3.13-4/3.3.13-5

Flue gas heated waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-3/3.16.2-4

horizontal tube type, 3.16.2-3

Flue gases, fouling by, 3.17.7-11/3.17.7-17
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, 4.6.4-2
Fluid flow, lost work in, 1.9.5-6/1.9.5-7
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, 2.2.1-2
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, 2.5.5-1/2.5.5-6
Fluidized bed dryer:

description, 3.13.2-4

practical design, 3.13.7-2

Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, 2.3.3-7/2.3.3-9
Fluidized beds:

bed-to-solid surface heat transfer in, 2.8.4-1/2.8.4-14

influence of bed voidage or gas velocity, 2.8.4-9

influence of gas properties, 2.8.4-7

influence of particle properties, 2.8.4-5/2.8.4-7

influence of temperature and pressure, 2.8.4-7/2.8.4-9

interphase gas convective component, 2.8.4-3

particle convective component, 2.8.4-3/2.8.4-4

predictive methods for, 2.8.4-4/2.8.4-6

radiative component, 2.8.4-4/2.8.4-5

fluid-to-particle heat transfer in, 2.5.5-1/2.5.5-6

introduction, 2.5.5-1/2.5.5-2

low Peclet numbers, 2.5.2-3/2.5.2-6

recommended equations, 2.5.5-2/2.5.5-3

fouling in, 3.17.7-22/3.17.7-23

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.6-1/2.2.6-22

bubble behaviour in, 2.2.6-8/2.2.6-12

circulating fluidized beds, 2.2.6-13/2.2.6-21

distributor effects in, 2.2.6-12/2.2.6-13

gas-solids fluidized beds, 2.2.6-7/2.2.6-20

liquid fluidized beds, 2.2.6-6/2.2.6-7

minimum fluidization velocity, 2.2.6-3/2.2.6-5

powder type in, 2.2.6-7/2.2.6-8

pressure drop, 2.2.6-2/2.2.6-3

solids circulation in, 2.2.6-11/2.2.6-12

state diagram for, 2.2.6-5/2.2.6-6

terminal free-fall velocity, 2.2.6-5

types of fluidization, 2.2.6-1/2.2.6-2

use in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-8

Fluids:

models for, 2.2.1-9/2.2.1-11

calorifically perfect, 2.2.1-9

constant density, 2.2.1-10

continuum, 2.2.1-1

perfect gas (ideal gas), 2.2.1-9

small density variation, 2.2.1-9/2.2.1-10

physical properties:

mixtures of fluids, 5.2.1-1/5.2.5-5, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-9

pure fluids, 5.1.1-1/5.1.5-3

rheologically complex, 5.3.1-1/5.3.8-3

tables, 5.5.1-1/5.5.5-4

Fluorine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-168

saturation properties, 5.5.1-170

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-170

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-34

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-54

Fluorobenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-135

saturation properties, 5.5.1-135

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-134

Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-117

saturation properties, 5.5.1-118

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-117

Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-108

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-107

Fluted tubes:

application in evaporators, 2.7.9-3

in augmentation of condensation, 2.6.6-6/2.6.6-9

Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, 3.11.7-5
Flux relationships in heat exchangers, 1.2.2-1/1.2.2-4
Foaming, problems in vaporizers due to, 3.18.5-3
Fog formation (see Fogging in condensation)
Fogging in condensation, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-4, 3.4.5-2

design to minimize, 2.6.7-3, 3.4.5-2

effects of, 2.6.7-3, 3.4.5-2

nuclei formation, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-2

supersaturation, 2.6.7-1/2.6.7-3

Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, 3.17.6-8/3.17.6-10
Force, conversion of units, xxx, xlv-lvi

chart for, lii

Forced convection heat transfer, single-phase (see Convection heat transfer)
Forced convective boiling (see Boiling)
Forced flow reboilers:

characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of 3.6.1-6/3.6.1-7

heat transfer characteristics of, 3.6.2-8/3.6.2-12

Formaldehyde:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-85

saturation properties, 5.5.1-86

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-85

Formamide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-151

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-150

Formic acid:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-94

saturation properties, 5.5.1-94

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-94

Forschheimer model, for flow in porous media, 2.11.1-3
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, 2.7.2-4
Fouling, 3.17.1-1/3.17.8-23

biofouling, 3.17.2-2/3.17.2-3

chemical reaction fouling, 3.17.2-2

classification of types of, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-5

by key mechanism, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-3

by phase interface involved, 3.17.2-3

by industry, 3.17.2-5

cleaning of fouled heat exchangers, 3.17.8-13/3.17.8-23

of heat exchangers handling liquids, 3.17.8-13/3.17.8-19

of gas-side-fouling 3.17.8-19/3.17.8-22

combined fouling modes, 3.17.2-3

corrosion fouling, 3.17.2-2

crystallisation fouling, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-2

precipitation fouling, 3.17.2-1

solidification fouling, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-2

design of heat exchangers for fouling conditions, 3.17.6-1/3.17.6-33

chemical industry, 3.17.6-5/3.17.6-6

food processing, 3.17.6-8/3.17.6-10

pharmaceutical and bioprocessing, 3.17.6-10/3.17.6-11

power generation/cogeneration, 3.17.6-20/3.17.6-22

pulp and paper industry, 3.17.6-7/3.17.6-8

refinery processes, 3.17.6-1/3.17.6-5

refrigerants, 3.17.6-27

waste heat and energy recovery, 3.17.6-28/3.17.6-30

water systems, 3.17.6-11/3.17.6-20

deposition and removal processes, 3.17.3-1/3.17.3-3

effects of variables on fouling rate, 3.17.3-3/3.17.3-5

corrosion, 3.17.3-5

deposit strength, 3.17.3-4

deposition probability, 3.17.3-3

shear stress, 3.17.3-4

surface material, 3.17.3-4

surface roughness, 3.17.3-4/3.17.3-5

surface temperature, 3.17.3-4

water quality, 3.17.3-3/3.17.3-4

environmental impact of, 3.17.5-1/3.17.5-2

fouling mitigation, 3.17.8-1/3.17.8-13

chemical treatment (aqueous streams), 3.17.8-5/3.17.8-6

chemical treatment (hydrocarbon streams), 3.17.8-7/3.17.8-8

gas-side fouling prevention, 3.17.8-8/3.17.8-13

physical mitigation techniques, 3.17.8-1/3.17.8-5

fouling potential of heat exchangers, 3.17.7-1/3.17.7-27

agitated vessels, 3.17.7-8

air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.17.7-7/3.17.7-8

boilers, 3.17.7-12/1.17.7-14

compact heat exchangers, 3.17.7-3/3.17.7-7

enhanced surfaces, 3.17.7-19/1.17.7-21

evaporators, 3.17.7-9/3.17.7-11, 3.5.7-2

fixed/fluidised beds, 3.17.7-22/1.17.7-23

furnace and air preheaters, 3.17.7-11/3.17.7-12

plate and frame heat exchangers, 3.17.7-3/1.17.7-5

plate-fin heat exchangers, 3.17.7-5/3.17.7-7

reboilers, 3.17.7-14/3.17.7-18

scraped surface heat exchangers, 3.17.7-22

shell-and-tube, 3.17.7-1/3.17.7-2

spiral heat exchangers, 3.17.7-2/1.17.7-3

fouling resistance, definition of, 3.17.1-1

in the nuclear industry, 3.17.9-1/3.17.9-14

in boiling water reactors, 3.17-9-6/3.17.9-8

in CANDU reactors, 3.17.9-4/3.17.9-6

in pressurised water reactors, 3.17.9-1/3.17.9-4

in secondary heat transport systems, 3.17.9-9/3.17.9-11

in service water systems, 3.17.9-11/3.17.9-12

measurement and modelling of 3.17.4-1/3.17.4-3

computer simulation, 3.17.4-2

laboratory measurement, 3.17.4-2

laboratory modelling, 3.17.4-2

on-line modelling, 3.17.4-1/3.17.4-2

on-line monitoring, 3.17.4-1

of titanium and titanium alloys, 4.5.9-6

particulate fouling, 3.17.2-2

Foam systems, heat transfer in, 2.12.1-1/2.12.2-9

bubble size in, 2.12.1-4/2.12.1-5

dynamically stable foam, 2.12.1-1

pressure drop in, 2.12.1-3/2.12.1-4

statically stable foam, 2.12.1-1

heat transfer to in tubes and tube banks, 2.12.2-1/2.12.2-9

relationship between heat flux and temperature difference for, 2.12.2-1/2.12.2-2

usage range of, 2.12.2-2/2.12.2-3

void fraction in, 2.12.1-2/2.12.1-3

Four phase flows, examples, 2.3.1-2
Fourier law for conduction, 2.1.1-2, 2.4.1-1

limitations in, 2.1.1-1/2.1.1-4

Fourier number (Fo):

definition, 1.2.3-5, 2.1.3-2

in solidification and melting, 2.4.4-1/2.4.4-2

in transient conduction, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7

Fracture, brittle, see Brittle fracture
Frames for plate heat exchangers, 4.4.2-5/4.4.2-7
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, 4.3.5-6
Free convection:

augmentation of heat transfer in: active systems for, 2.5.11-4

passive systems for, 2.5.11-3

combined with forced convection (see Combined free and forced convection)

effect on laminar flow heat transfer in channels, 2.5.1-5/2.5.1-6

effect of, on single-phase flow in vertical ducts, 2.2.2-11/2.2.2-12

heat transfer around immersed bodies, 2.5.7-1/2.5.7-31

generalized solutions for, 2.5.7-25/2.5.7-28

horizontal cylinders, 2.5.7-20/2.5.7-23

inclined and horizontal surfaces, 2.5.7-13/2.5.7-19

open-ended channels, 2.5.7-19/2.5.7-20

other shapes, 2.5.7-25

spheres, 2.5.7-24/2.5.7-25

vertical cones, 2.5.7-24

vertical and inclined cylinders, 2.5.7-23/2.5.7-24

vertical plates, 2.5.7-2/2.5.7-13

influence on friction factor in circular pipe flow, 2.2.2-5/2.2.2-7

in finned tube banks, 2.5.3-23

in layers and enclosures, 2.5.8-1/2.5.8-25

circular vertical annuli heated and cooled on vertical curved surfaces, 2.5.8-13/2.5.8-14

concentric spheres, 2.5.8-16

enclosures heated from below, 2.5.8-3

honeycombs, 2.5.8-20/2.5.8-23

horizontal annuli, 2.5.8-14/2.5.8-16

horizontal cylinders, 2.5.8-14

inclined enclosures, 2.5.8-17/2.5.8-20

infinite horizontal layers, 2.5.8-1/2.5.8-3

rectangular enclosures heated and cooled on the sides, 2.5.8-6/2.5.8-13

occurrence in flow in horizontal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for, 2.2.2-7

in porous media, 2.11.5-1/2.11.6-9

external flow, 2.11.5-1/2.11.5-9

internal flow, 2.11.6-1/2.11.6-11

Free-fall velocity, of particles, 2.3.3-3
Free molecule conditions, maximum shear stress, heat flux, and mass flux in, 2.1.1-2
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, 2.2.3-6
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, 4.4.1-1/4.4.1-2 4.4.1-7
Freezing, of condensate in condensers, 3.4.5-2/3.4.5-3, 3.18.4-2
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, 2.9.2-9
Fretting corrosion, 4.5.3-2
Freyn checker packing, for regenerators, 3.15.2-1/3.15.2-2
Friction coefficient (see Friction factor)
Friction factor:

in circular pipe flow, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-4

definition, 2.2.2-1

Moody chart for, 1.2.3-3, 2.2.2-2

definition, 1.2.3-2

in fixed beds, 2.2.5-3

in flow over tube banks, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

interfacial, 2.3.2-21/2.6.2-6

liquid film, 2.3.2-10

in longitudinal flow in tube banks, 3.3.12-3/3.3.12-4, 3.3.12-7/3.3.12-10

in microchannels, 2.13.2-1/2.13.2-13

in plate fin exchangers, 3.9.4-1/3.9.6-2

in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.3-1/3.7.3-2

on the shell side of double-pipe heat exchangers, 3.2.3-5/3.2.3-6

of solid in solid gas flow, 2.3.3-5/2.3.3-7

definition, 2.3.3-5

in horizontal pneumatic conveyance, 2.3.3-5/2.3.3-6

in vertical pneumatic conveyance, 2.3.3-5

in systems with heat transfer augmentation: coiled tubes, 2.5.11-7

internally finned tubes, 2.5.11-6

roughened surfaces, 2.5.11-2/2.5.11-5

twisted tape systems, 2.5.11-7

Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:

correlation for: in singularities, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-18

in straight channels, 2.3.2-9/2.3.2-12

definition, 2.3.2-9

Friction velocity, definition, 2.2.1-25
Frictional pressure drop (see Pressure drop)
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, 2.3.2-11
Froude number:

definition, 1.2.3-5, 2.2.1-11

Fuels, properties of, 3.11.3-2/3.11.3-3
Fuller, R. K., 3.17.6-11/3.17.6-19
Furan:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-106

saturation properties, 5.5.1-107

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-106

Furfural:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-88

saturation properties, 5.5.1-89

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-88

Furnaces:

advanced models for, 3.11.7-1/3.11.7-6

as type of heat exchange equipment, 1.1.5-3

fouling in, 3.17.7-1/3.17.7-12

heat transfer in, 3.11.3-6

heat sink, 3.11.3-3/3.11.3-6

heat source, 3.11.3-1/3.11.3-3

heat transfer of the sink, 3.11.3-6

refractory surfaces, 3.11.3-6

in boilers, 3.11.2-2/3.11.2-3

in process heaters, 3.11.2-1/3.11.2-2

introduction, 3.11.1-1

multizone model for, 3.11.6-1/3.11.6-4

plug flow model for, 3.11.5-1/3.11.5-2

radiation characteristics of row of cylinders backed by refractory wall in, 2.9.3-12/2.9.3-13

stirred reactor model for, 3.11.4-1/3.11.4-6

Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.11.3-1/4.11.3-4

fusion processes in, 4.11.3-1/4.11.3-6

gas tungsten arc, 4.3.11-1/4.3.11-3

shielded metal arc, 4.3.11-1

weld preparation for, 4.3.11-4/4.11.3-6

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