Index:

L

• Labeling, of graphs and tables, xxixxii
• Lamella heat exchangers, 3.1.2-5
• Laminar boundary layers (see Boundary layers)
• Laminar flow:
• in circular pipes, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-8
• combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, 2.5.10-1/2.5.10-11
• condensation in vertical surfaces, 2.6.2-2/2.6.2-4
• in ducts, characteristic of plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.5-1/3.9.5-3
• heat transfer in ducts in, 2.5.1-2/2.5.1-6, 2.5.1-9/2.5.1-13, 2.5.1-13/1.5.1-14
• augmentation of, 2.5.11-4/2.5.11-8
• free convection effects in, 2.5.1-4/2.5.1-5
• in concentric annular ducts, 2.5.1-13/2.5.1-14
• in helical coils, 2.5.14-2
• in parallel plates, 2.5.1-9/2.5.1-13
• in smooth straight tubes, 2.5.1-2/2.5.1-6
• with liquid metals, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-3
• heat transfer in free convection on a vertical surface in, 2.5.7-3
• heat transfer in tube bundles in,
• in cross flow, 2.5.13-2/2.5.13-3
• in longitudinal flow, 3.3.12-3
• in noncircular pipes, 2.2.2-8/2.2.2-12
• Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, 2.2.1-28/2.2.1-29
• Laminar sublayer (see Viscous sublayer)
• Laminar/turbulent transition, in microchannels, 2.13.2-11/2.13.2-13
• Lancaster, J. F., 4.5.1-1/4.5.3-7
• Langelier index for water quality, 3.17.3-3
• Laplace coefficient, 2.13.5-2
• Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, 2.2.1-18
• Lap joint flange, 4.14.3-2
• Latent heat (see Heat of vaporization)
• Laws for turbulent flows:
• velocity defect, 2.2.1-30
• of the wake, 2.2.1-30
• of the wall, 2.2.1-29
• Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, 2.5.8-1/2.5.8-3
• Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, 2.5.7-3
• Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.4-4/3.3.4-5, 4.6.1-2
• Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.1-1/3.3.11-5
• shell-to-baffle: correction factors, 3.3.6-6/3.3.6-8
• leakage area, 3.3.6-4/3.3.6-5
• tubes-to-baffle: correction factors, 3.3.6-6/3.3.6-8
• leakage area, 3.3.6-5
• Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, 4.11.4-4/4.11.4-5
• Lebedev, M. E., 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-10
• Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, 5.1.3-2
• Lekic and Ford equation, for drop velocity in direct-contact condensers, 3.20.1-1
• Length, conversion of units, xxxi, xlv-lvi
• unit conversion chart for, l
• Leonard-Jones potential, 2.13.7-3/2.13.7-4
• Leonard-Jones model system, for molecular dynamics simulation of solid-liquid vapour interactions, 2.13.7-15/2.13.7-16
• L-footed fins, 2.4.9-4
• Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, 2.2.5-2
• Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, 5.2.7-2
• Li, Z. X., 2.13.2-1/2.13.2-20
• Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, 2.7.2-14/2.7.2-16
• Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, 2.7.5-3
• Lift force:
• in flow over immersed bodies, 2.2.3-3
• in flow in tube banks, 2.2.4-16
• Liley, P. E., 5.5.6-1/5.5.7-3
• Limb, D., 1.9.1-1/1.9.5-11
• Limpet coils:
• PD 5500 guidance for, 4.3.2-9
• EN13445 guidance for, 4.3.3-9
• under external pressure, 4.3.3-7
• Linnhoff, B., 1.7.1-1/1.7.6-1
• Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, 1.9.4-2
• Liquid fluidized beds, 2.2.6-6/2.2.6-7
• Liquid fuels, properties of, 3.11.3-3
• Liquid hold-up, 2.3.1-3
• Liquid-liquid-gas flow, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-10
• annular flow in 2.3.6-3
• bubbly flow in, 2.3.6-3
• flow patterns in, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-4
• homogeneous model for, 2.3.6-8/2.3.6-9
• phase inversion in, 2.3.6-9
• slug flow in
• characteristics of, 2.3.6-2/2.3.6-3
• pressure drop in, 2.3.6-8
• slug frequencies in, 2.3.6-7/2.3.6-8
• transition from stratified to, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-2
• stratified flow in
• characteristics of, 2.3.6-1
• interfacial friction in, 2.3.6-4/2.3.6-5
• models for, 2.3.6-3/2.3.6-6
• wall friction in, 2.3.6-4
• Liquid-liquid flow, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-40
• core-annular, 2.3.5-10/2.3.5-14
• pressure drop and holdup in, 2.3.5-11/2.3.5-14
• dispersed flow, 2.3.5-14/2.3.5-24
• drop size in, 2.3.5-22/2.3.5-24
• homogeneous model for, 2.3.5-15/2.3.5-16
• in vertical tubes, 2.3.5-20/2.3.5-22
• phase inversion in, 2.3.5-19/2.3.5-20
• viscosity of emulsion in, 2.3.5-16/2.3.5-19
• flow pattern transitions in, 2.3.5-20/2.3.5-29
• horizontal tubes, 2.3.5-24/2.3.5-28
• in vertical upflow, 2.3.5-28/2.3.5-29
• flow patterns in, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-7
• in horizontal tubes, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-4
• in vertical and inclined tubes, 2.3.5-4/2.3.5-7
• stratified, 2.3.5-7/2.3.5-10
• Liquid metals:
• in channel flows, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-4
• in crossflow, 2.5.13-5/2.5.13-7
• condensation of, 2.6.2-14/2.6.2-15
• in heat exchangers, 2.5.13-3
• heat exchangers for, 2.5.13-7/2.5.13-10
• heat transfer in, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-10
• Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, 2.10.2-3/2.10.2-4
• Liquid-solid flow (see Solid-liquid flow)
• Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, 3.17.2-3
• Liquids:
• as constituent in multiphase flows, 2.3.1-1/2.3.1-2
• physical properties:
• density of pure liquids, 5.1.2-9/5.1.2-22
• density of liquid mixtures, 5.2.1-3/5.2.1-7
• in multicomponent mixtures, 5.2.3-1/5.2.4-4
• rheologically complex, 5.3.1-1/5.3.8-3
• saturation property tables for, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• surface tension, 5.1.5-1/5.1.5-3
• at temperatures below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175
• thermal conductivity, 5.1.4-6/5.1.4-7
• viscosity, 5.1.4-1/5.1.4-5
• Lister, D. H., 3.17.9-1/3.17.9-14
• Ljungstrom (rotary) regenerators, 3.15.0-2/3.15.0-3, 3.15.1-1/3.15.1-3
• LMTD (see Logarithmic mean temperature difference)
• Loads, types of in heat exchangers, 4.1.1-1
• Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, 2.7.3-23/2.7.3-24
• Lockhart and Martinelli correlations:
• for frictional pressure gradient, 2.3.2-10
• for void fraction, 2.3.2-17
• Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), 2.2.8-9
• Logarithmic driving force in mass transfer, 2.1.5-3
• Logarithmic law region, 2.2.1-29
• Logarithmic mean temperature difference, 1.2.4-2/1.2.4-3, 2.1.2-2, 2.5.1-2, 1.5.1-2/1.5.1-4, 3.1.1-4
• Longitudinal conduction, effect on performance of regenerators, 3.15.8-1
• Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12-17
• in ideal tube banks, 3.3.12-2/3.3.12-4
• heat transfer, 3.3.12-2/3.3.12-3
• pressure drop, 3.3.12-3/3.3.12-4
• in tube banks with grid baffles, 3.3.12-4/3.3.12-17
• orifice baffles, 3.3.12-6
• RODbaffles, 3.3.12-2/3.3.12-5
• strip baffles, 3.3.12-5/3.3.5-6
• with liquid metals, 2.5.13-3/2.5.13-5
• Longitudinal fins (see Straight fins)
• Long-tube vertical evaporator, 3.5.2-3/3.5.2-4
• Loss coefficient, 2.2.2-15
• for bends, 2.2.2-17/2.2.2-18
• in combining and dividing flow, 2.2.2-21
• for diffusers, 2.2.2-18/2.2.2-21
• values for various fittings, 2.2.2-21
• Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, 1.9.5-1/1.9.5-11
• in compression, 1.9.5-5
• in distillation column, 1.9.5-8/1.9.5-10
• in expansion turbine, 1.9.5-5/1.9.5-6
• in fluid flow, 1.9.5-6/1.9.5-7
• in heat transfer, 1.9.5-1/1.9.5-5
• in hydraulic turbine, 1.9.5-8
• in pumping, 1.9.5-7/1.9.5-8
• Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, 3.9.3-1
• Low-alloy steels:
• as construction material, 4.5.2-3, 4.5.4-1/4.5.4-12
• in elevated temperature service, 4.5.4-7/4.5.4-11
• in low temperature service, 4.5.4-4/4.5.4-7
• selection of, 4.5.4-5/4.5.4-7, 4.5.4-9/4.5.4-10
• steel manufacture, 4.5.4-1/4.5.4-2
• thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-3/5.5.12-6
• welding of, 4.5.4-7, 4.5.4-10
• Low-finned tubes:
• application in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.11-2/3.3.11-3
• correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, 2.5.3-26/2.5.3-28
• description of, 2.4.9-3/2.4.9-4
• use in boiling augmentation, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2
• use in condensation augmentation, 2.6.6-9/2.6.6-12 2.6.6-15/2.6.6-17
• Low-nickel steels, 4.5.4-6
• Lubricants, physical properties:
• classification, 5.3.2-1
• lubricant-cooling liquids, 5.3.5-1/5.3.5-2
• oils, 5.3.3-1/5.3.3-2
• plastic lubricants, 5.3.4-1/5.3.4-2
• Lumen (SI unit), xxviii
• Lux (SI unit), xxviii