Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

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Packaged units, specification of, 4.9.2-6
Packed-bed condensers, 3.20.1-3
Packed beds (see Fixed beds)
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, 3.12.2-5
Packings, for cooling towers, 3.12.1-4/3.12.1-6, 3.12.3-1/3.12.3-2
Packings, for fixed beds:

characteristics, 2.2.5-2

effective conductivity of various in fixed beds: beds with gas

flow, 2.8.2-2/2.8.2-5

stagnant beds, 2.8.1-4/2.8.1-5

for regenerators, 3.15.2-1/3.15.2-3

Packinox heat exchanger, 3.1.2-5/3.1.2-6
Paikert, P., 3.8.1-1/3.8.9-7, 3.10.8-1/3.10.8-11
Paintings and coatings, for heat exchangers, 4.15.5-1/4.15.5-6

application and testings, 4.15.5-4/4.15.5-5

corrosion protection by, 4.15.5-1

insulation, corrosion protection under by, 4.15.5-6

maintenance of, 4.15.5-5/4.15.5-6

metallic coatings, 4.15.5-5

surface preparation, 4.15.5-2/4.15.5-4

types of paints and coatings, 4.15.5-1/4.15.5-2

Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, 2.9.2-14/2.9.2-17
Pair potentials:

effective, for water, 2.13.7-4/2.13.7-5

for solid metals, 2.13.7-7/2.13.7-10

Palen, J. W., 3.6.1-1/3.6.5-7, 3.17.7-14/3.17.7-18
Palm, B., 2.13.3-1/2.13.3-17
Pancake (flat) waste heat boiler, 3.16.2-4
Panchal, C. B., 3.17.7-19/3.17.7-21
Panel immersion exchangers, 4.4.4-2/4.4.4-3
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-5/5.5.10-14

saturation properties, 5.5.1-9/5.5.1-18

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-5/5.6.11-14

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-3/5.5.14-12

Paraldehyde:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-87

saturation properties, 5.5.1-88

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-87

Parallel channel instability, in condensers, 3.4.5-3
Parallel flow (see Cocurrent flow)
Parallel plates (see Plates)
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, 2.7.3-9/2.7.3-10
Participating media, radiation interaction in, 2.9.8-4/2.9.8-5
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, 2.8.4-2/2.8.4-3
Particle emissivity, 2.9.7-2
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, 2.2.5-2
Particles:

fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, 2.5.5-1/2.5.5-6

free fall velocity of, 2.3.3-3

in direct contact heat transfer, 2.10.2-4/2.10.2-6

particle-to-wall heat transfer in fluidized beds, 2.8.4-1/2.8.4-8

Particulate fluidization, 2.2.6-1
Particulate fouling, 3.17.2-2
Pascal (SI unit), xxvii
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.2-5/3.7.2-7
Passes, tube side, 4.2.5-3/4.2.5-4

"boxed in," 4.2.5-4

number of, 4.2.5-3/4.2.5-4

partition plates between, 4.2.5-3

Passive fire protection, 4.15.6-1/4.15.6-2

fireproofing materials and systems, 4.15.6-2

types of fires, 4.15.6-1

Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-1/2.5.11-3

in forced convection, 2.5.11-4/2.5.11-8

in free convection, 2.5.11-3

PD 5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-17

design by rule, 4.3.2-4/4.3.2-13

cones under internal pressure, 4.3.2-4/4.3.2-5

cylinders under external pressure, 4.3.2-6

design formulae, 4.3.2-4

dished heads under external pressure, 4.3.2-7

dished heads under internal pressure, 4.3.2-5/4.3.2-6

flanges, 4.3.2-7/4.3.2-9

flat ends, 4.3.2-11/4.3.2-12

jackets, 4.3.2-9

limpet (or hemi) coils, 4.3.2-9

nozzles, 4.3.2-11

saddle supports, 4.3.2-9/4.3.2-10

shell bellows, 4.3.2-12/4.3.2-13

stiffeners, 4.3.2-7

tubesheets, 4.3.2-10/4.3.2-11

general bases, 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-4

basis of design, 4.3.2-3

introduction, 3.4.3-1

purchases, 4.3.2-2

safety factor, 4.3.2-3/4.3.2-4

scope and structure, 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-2

specification of the duty, 4.3.2-2/4.3.2-3

manufacture and tests (design aspects), 4.3.2-16/4.3.2-17

drawing, 4.3.2-16

inspection, 4.3.2-16

pressure testing, 4.3.2-16/4.3.2-17

tolerances, 4.3.2-16

other design matters, 4.3.2-13/4.3.2-6

brittle fracture, 4.3.2-16

design by analysis, 4.3.2-13

fatigue, 4.3.2-15

gross plastic deformation, 4.3.2-13/4.3.2-14

incremental collapse, 4.3.2-14

thermal stresses, 4.3.2-14/4.3.2-15

welds, 4.3.2-16

Peacock, D. K., 4.5.9-1/4.5.9-15
Pearson number, 2.5.12-6
Peclet number, 1.2.3-2/1.2.3-3, 2.1.5-2

heat and mass transfer at low, in fluidized beds, 2.5.5-3/2.5.5-5

in heat transfer in liquid metal systems, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-4

in non-Newtonian flow, 2.5.12-7

Penetrative convection, in porous media, 2.11.6-9
Peng, X. F., 2.13.3-1/2.13.3-17
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, 5.2.2-2
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, 2.9.5-7
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-122

saturation properties, 5.5.1-123

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-122

Pentadecane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-12

saturation properties, 5.5.1-16

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-12

Pentadecene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-26

saturation properties, 5.5.1-40

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-26

Pentadiene 1,2:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-33

saturation properties, 5.5.1-37

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-33

Pentadiene 1, trans 3:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-34

saturation properties, 5.5.1-38

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-34

Pentadiene 1,4:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-35

saturation properties, 5.5.1-38

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-35

Pentadiene 2-3:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-35

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-35

Pentamethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-56

saturation properties, 5.5.1-59

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-56

Pentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-7

normal, critical heat flux for flow boiling of, in vertical tube, 2.7.3-29

saturation properties, 5.5.1-11

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-7

transport properties of gases at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-7

Pentanoic acid:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-96

saturation properties, 5.5.1-97

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-96

1-Pentanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-63

saturation properties, 5.5.1-66

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-63

1-Pentene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-21

saturation properties, 5.5.1-25

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-21

cis-2-Pentene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-30

saturation properties, 5.5.1-34

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-30

trans-2-Pentene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-30

saturation properties, 5.5.1-34

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-30

Pentylacetate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-79

saturation properties, 5.5.1-80

Pentylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-50

saturation properties, 5.5.1-53

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-50

Pentylcyclohexane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-24

Pentylcyclopentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-22

Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, 5.5.10-16
Perfect gas (see Ideal gas)
Perfluorocyclobutane, see Octafluorocyclobutane
Performance curves, for regenerators, 3.15.11-1/3.15.11-3
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.3-1
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, 2.2.2-20
Periodic operation, of regenerator, 1.1.6-1
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, 2.4.5-1/2.4.5-4
Permeability, in porous media, 2.11.1-3
Personell protection, by insulation of heat exchanger, 4.15.4-1
Petroleum properties, 5.3.1-3
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, 2.5.3-33
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, 3.17.6-10/3.17.6-11
Phase change heat transfer in porous media, 2.11.7-2
Phase change number, 2.4.4-1
Phase equilibrium:

in binary mixtures, 2.7.6-1/2.7.6-3

in multicomponent mixtures, 2.7.6-3/2.7.6-5

(See also Equilibrium, phase)

Phase inversion

in liquid-liquid flows, 2.3.5-19/2.3.5-20

in liquid-liquid-gas flows, 2.3.6-9

Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, 4.5.3-5
PHE (see Plate heat exchanger)
Phenol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-72

saturation properties, 5.5.1-74

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-72

Phenols:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-72/5.5.10-74

saturation properties, 5.5.10-74/5.5.10-75

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-72/5.5.11-74

Phenylhydrazine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-149

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-148

Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, 5.4.3-1/5.4.3-3
Phosgene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-165

saturation properties, 5.5.1-165

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-166

Physical constants, nomenclature and values for, xxxiii
Physical properties:

index to data given, 5.5.0-1/5.5.0-12

of mixtures of fluids, 5.2.1-1/5.2.5-5

of pure fluids, 5.1.1-1/5.1.5-3

of rheologically complex media, 5.3.1-1/5.3.8-3

of solids, 5.4.0-1/5.4.5-5

tables of, 5.5.1-1/5.5.15-41

index to, 5.5.0-1/5.5.0-12

variation with temperature: effect in developing flow, 2.2.2-11

effect on flow over cylinder, 2.2.3-6

effect on flow in tube banks, 2.2.4-10/2.2.4-12

effect on friction factor in circular pipe flow, 2.2.2-7/2.2.2-8

effect in heat transfer of flat plates, 2.5.2-7

effect in laminar flow heat transfer in channels, 2.5.1-5

effect in turbulent flow heat transfer in channels, 2.5.1-8, 2.5.1-16

nature of variation, 2.2.1-9

in polymers, 2.5.12-2/2.5.12-5

Physical quantities, Maxwell principle for, xx
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, 2.2.1-13/2.2.1-14
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, 1.7.1-1/1.7.6-1

capital costs in, 1.7.2-9/1.7.2-10

cogeneration in, 1.7.5-5/1.7.5-7

composite curves

grand composite curve, 1.7.5-2

hot and cold, 1.7.2-3/1.7.2-4

design methods in, 1.7.3-1/1.7.3-10

pinches, 1.7.4-1/1.7.4-11

problem table algorithm in, 1.7.3-1/1.7.3-6

without pinch or with multiple pinches, 1.7.4-1/1.7.4-11

heat pumping in, 1.7.5-5

maximum energy recovery, 1.7.2-6/1.7.2-9

pinch principle, 1.7.2-4/1.7.2-6

utility selection in, 1.7.5-1/1.7.5-11

Pin fins (see Spine fins)
Pipe fittings (see Piping components)
Pipe leads, 4.3.2-11/4.3.2-12
Piperidine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-145

saturation properties, 5.5.1-145

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-144

Pipes, circular:

augmentation of heat transfer in, 2.5.11-4/2.5.11-9

internally finned for, 2.5.11-5/2.5.11-6

boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures in, 2.7.8-1/2.7.8-14

critical heat flux, 2.7.8-9/2.7.8-11

forced convective (including mass transfer effects), 2.7.8-2/2.7.8-6

nucleate boiling, 2.7.8-9/2.7.8-2

combined free and forced convection in, 2.5.10-1/2.5.10-12

in condensers, 3.4.1-1/3.4.9-5

horizontal channels, 2.5.10-7/2.5.10-11

vertical pipes, 2.5.10-2/2.5.10-7

flow boiling in: horizontal pipes, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-10

vertical pipes, 2.7.3-1/2.7.3-50

free convective heat transfer from outside of, 2.5.7-20/2.5.7-24

horizontal, 2.5.7-20/2.5.7-23

vertical and inclined, 2.5.7-23/2.5.7-24

heat transfer to, in fluidized beds, 2.8.4-6/2.8.4-7

heat transfer to liquid metals in, 2.5.13-1

laminar heat transfer in, 2.5.1-2/2.5.1-6

constant heat flux, 2.5.1-3/2.5.1-5

constant wall temperature, 2.5.1-2/2.5.1-3

free convection effects in, 2.5.1-5

variable physical property effects on, 2.5.1-5

pneumatic conveyance (gas solids flow) in, 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-2

radiative heat transfer along, 2.9.3-15/2.9.3-16

roughened surface, radiative heat transfer along, 2.9.4-9/2.9.4-10

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in fully developed

flow in, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-8

effect of free convection on, 2.2.2-5/2.2.2-7

effect of temperature dependent fluid properties on, 2.2.2-7

friction factor, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-4

influence of additives on, 2.2.2-8

turbulence characteristics in, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-5

transition between laminar and turbulent flows, heat transfer in turbulent heat transfer in, 2.5.1-6/2.5.1-8

entrance effects in, 2.5.1-8

variable physical property effects on, 2.5.1-8

two-phase gas-liquid flow in, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-33

flow regimes in, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-5

hydrodynamics of flow in, 2.3.2-7/2.3.2-26

use in shell-and-tube heat exchangers for single-phase flow, 3.3.1-1/3.3.11-5

Pipes, noncircular:

triangular ducts: laminar flow, 2.2.2-8/2.2.2-10

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.2-8/2.2.2-10

turbulent flow, 2.2.2-9/2.2.2-10

(See also Rectangular ducts; Square ducts)

Piping components:

gas-liquid flow and pressure drop in, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-18

bends, 2.3.2-17

open valves, 2.3.2-18

orifice plates, 2.3.2-17/2.3.2-18

slow changes in cross section, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-16

sudden contractions, 2.3.2-16/2.3.2-17

sudden enlargements, 2.3.2-16

single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.2-15/2.2.2-21

curved ducts, 2.2.2-15/2.2.2-18

enlargements, 2.2.2-18/2.2.2-19

miscellaneous fittings, 2.2.2-19/2.2.2-21

Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, 4.5.6-11/4.5.6-12
Plain tube banks (see Tube banks, plain)
Planck's constant, 2.9.1-3
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, 2.9.1-3
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, 2.4.2-1/2.4.2-3
Plastic analysis, in mechanical design, 4.1.2-1/4.1.2-2
Plastic deformation

gross

PD 5500 guidelines for, 4.3.2-13/4.3.2-14

EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-19/4.3.3-20

progressive

EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-20/4.3.3-21

Plate-and-frame heat exchangers (see Plate heat exchangers)
Plate coil baffles, in agitated vessels, 3.14.2-3/3.14.2-4
Plate fin heat exchangers, 1.1.4-2, 3.9.1-1/3.9.1-2

approximate overall heat transfer coefficients in, 2.1.2-4

approximate volumetric heat transfer coefficients for, 4.8.1-5/4.8.1-6

augmentation of condensation in, 2.6.6-23

calculation procedure for a rating problem, 3.9.9-1

correlation of heat transfer and friction data for, 3.9.6-1/3.9.6-2

definition of geometric terms for, 3.9.2-1

description of, 3.1.2-5

fouling in, 3.17.7-5/3.17.7-7

goodness factor comparisons for, 3.9.7-1/3.9.7-3

laminar flow surfaces, 3.9.5-1/3.9.5-3

mechanical design, 4.4.3-1/4.4.3-9

brazing, 4.4.3-3/4.4.3-4

construction, 4.4.3-1/4.4.3-3

flow distributors, 4.4.3-3

materials, 4.4.3-7/4.4.3-8

plate fin-tube construction, 4.4.3-5/4.4.3-7

multifluid service in, 3.9.12-1/3.9.12-2

pressure drop calculation in, 3.9.10-1/3.9.10-2

procedures for the thermal sizing problems in, 3.9.11-1/3.9.11-2

recent theory and data on vaporization and condensation in, 3.9.13-1/3.9.13-4

specifications of, 4.9.2-6

specifications of sizing and rating problems in, 3.9.8-1/3.9.8-2

surface geometries for, 3.9.3-1

surface performance data for, 3.9.4-1/3.9.4-2

Plate fins, efficiency, 2.5.3-9/2.5.3-10
Plate heat exchangers:

approximate overall heat transfer coefficients in, 2.1.2-4, 4.8.1-4

advantages and limitations of, 3.7.1-1/3.7.1-2

condensing/boiling in, 3.7.3-5

corrugation design, 3.7.1-4/3.7.1-5

costing, 4.8.4-1/4.8.4-2, 4.8.1-8/4.8.1-9

comparison of costs with those for shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.8.1-8/4.8.1-9

description, 3.1.2-4/3.1.2-6

gasketed plate, 3.1.2-4

lamella (Ramen), 3.1.2-5

distribution of flowin, 3.7.2-2

entry loss in, 3.7.2-2

factors affecting plate specification, 3.7.2-1/3.7.2-2

corrugation geometry, 3.7.2-1/3.7.2-2

distribution, 3.7.2-2

fouling in, 3.7.3-4/3.7.3-5

heat transfer and pressure drop in, 3.7.3-1/3.7.3-4

mechanical design, 4.4.2-1/4.4.2-5

brazed plate design, 4.4.2-5

double-wall gasketed plates, 4.4.2-4

frame design, 4.4.2-3/4.4.2-4

gasket design and properties, 4.4.2-3

plate construction features, 4.4.2-2/4.4.2-4

plate design features, 4.4.2-2/4.4.2-3

welded pair plate, 4.4.2-4

welded plate, 4.4.2-5

multiple duties in, 3.7.1-2

Packinox, 3.1.2-5/3.1.2-6

pass arrangement in, 3.7.2-5/3.7.2-7

performance calculations for, 3.7.3-5/3.7.3-7

plate arrangements and correction factors for, 3.7.2-5/3.7.2-8

concurrency corrections, 3.7.2-5/3.7.2-6

distribution along port manifolds, 3.7.2-7

end effects, 3.7.2-6/3.7.2-7

types of pass arrangements, 3.7.2-5

plate design, overall in, 3.7.2-2/3.7.2-3

NTU rating, 3.7.2-2/3.7.2-3

performance characteristics, 3.7.2-3

port arrangements in, 3.7.2-2

shell-encased, 4.4.2-5

specifications, 4.9.2-5

spiral plate, 3.1.2-4/3.1.2-5

thermal mixing in, 3.7.2-3/3.7.2-5

Plate evaporator, 3.5.2-9, 3.7.4-1/3.7.4-7

advantages and limitations, 3.7.4-1/3.7.4-2

thermal configuration, 3.7.4-2/3.7.4-4

mechanical vapour recompression, 3.7.4-3/3.7.4-4

multiple effect plate evaporators, 3.7.4-2/3.7.4-3

thermo vapour recompression, 3.7.4-3

types of, 3.7.4-4/4.7.4-7

falling film, 3.7.4-7/3.7.4-7

rising film, 3.7.4-4/3.7.4-6

rising/falling film, 3.7.4-4/3.7.4-6

Plates:

characteristics of, as packings for fixed beds, 2.2.5-2

direct-contact condensation on films flowing on, 3.20.3-1/3.20.3-3

parallel, laminar heat transfer in flow between

in laminar flow, 2.5.1-9/2.5.1-13

in turbulent flow, 2.5.1-13

Plug flow:

regions of occurrence: in horizontal flow, 2.3.2-2/2.3.2-4

in inclined tubes, 2.3.2-4/2.3.2-5

in systems with phase change, 2.3.2-6/2.3.2-7

in vertical flow, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-2

in vertical channels, 2.3.2-19

bubble rise velocity in, 2.3.2-19

Plug flow model, for furnaces, 3.11.5-1/3.11.5-2
Pneumatic conveyance, 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-2

in horizontal pipes, 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-3

in inclined pipes, 2.3.3-2

in vertical pipes, 2.3.3-1

Pneumatic conveying dryer, 3.13.7-2
P-NTU method:

application to single-pass exchangers, 1.3.1-2/1.3.1-4

for calculation of heat exchangers, 1.2.4-4/1.2.4-5

Poiseuille law (see Hagen Poiseuille law)
Polarization, of thermal radiation, 2.9.2-12/2.9.2-14
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, 5.5.15-24/5.5.15-27
Polymers:

degradation temperature, 2.5.12-1

physical properties, 2.5.12-2/2.5.12-5, 5.3.6-1/5.3.7-2

specific heat capacity, 2.5.12-3

thermal conductivity, 2.5.12-2

viscosity, 2.5.12-2/2.5.12-5

non-Newtonian heat transfer to, 2.5.12-1/2.5.12-19

Pool boiling, 2.1.7-6/2.1.7-8

augmentation of heat transfer in, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2

of binary and multicomponent mixtures, 2.7.7-1/2.7.7-11

critical heat flux, 2.7.7-6/2.7.7-8

film boiling, 2.7.7-8/2.7.7-9

minimum heat flux, 2.7.7-8

nucleate boiling, 2.7.7-1/2.7.7-6

transition boiling, 2.7.7-8

boiling curve for, 2.7.2-1/2.7.2-2

critical heat flux in, 2.7.2-13/2.7.2-17

geometric effects on, 2.7.2-14

liquid viscosity effect on, 2.7.2-14/2.7.2-15

mechanisms of, 2.7.2-13/2.7.2-14

subcooling effects on, 2.7.2-16/2.7.2-17

surface condition effects on, 2.7.2-17

film boiling in, 2.7.2-19/2.7.2-20

minimum heat flux in, 2.7.2-18

nucleate boiling, 2.7.2-3/2.7.2-13

correlations, 2.7.2-4/2.7.2-10

hysteresis in, 2.7.2-12

influence of dissolved gas on, 2.7.2-11

influence of gravitational acceleration on, 2.7.2-12/2.7.2-13

influence of liquid subcooling on, 2.7.2-12

influence of size and orientation of surface on, 2.7.2-12

influence of surface conditions on, 2.7.2-10/2.7.2-11

influence of system pressure on, 2.7.2-10

influence of wettability of surface on, 2.7.2-10/2.7.2-11

onset of nucleate boiling in, 2.7.2-2/2.7.2-3

transition boiling in, 2.7.2-18

Porosity, in porous media, 2.11.1-1
Porous media, heat transfer in, 2.11.1-1/2.11.7-4

combined effects in, 2.11.7-1/2.11.7-4

heat and mass transfer, 2.11.7-1

mixed convection, 2.11.7-1

phase change, 2.11.7-2

forced convection, 2.11.3-1/2.11.3-6

chemical flow, 2.11.3-4

cylinder, 2.11.3-2/2.11.3-3

heat lines, 2.11.3-5

plane wall, constant heat flux, 2.11.3-1

plane wall, constant temperature, 2.11.3-1

point and line sources, 2.11.3-3

sphere, 2.11.3-2/2.11.3-3

fundamentals of, 2.11.1-1/2.11.1-7

chemical species conservation, 2.11.1-6

Darcy flow model, 2.11.1-3

energy conservation, 2.11.1-5

Forschheimer model, 2.11.1-3

mass concentration, 2.11.1-2

permeability, 2.11.1-3

porosity, 2.11.1-1

heat conduction, 2.11.2-1/2.11.2-2

energy conservation, 2.11.2-1

thermal conductivity models, 2.11.2-1

heat exchangers, treatment as porous media, 2.11.4-1/2.11.4-3

natural convection, external flow, 2.11.5-1/2.11.5-8

cylinder, horizontal, 2.11.5-5

horizontal walls, 2.11.5-5

Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximations, 2.11.5-1

point and line sources, 2.11.5-6

sphere, 2.11.5-5

vertical partitions, 2.11.5-3

vertical walls, 2.11.5-1

natural convection, internal flow, 2.11.6-1/2.11.6-6

cylindrical enclosures, 2.11.6-4/2.11.6-5

enclosures heated from below, 2.11.6-6/2.11.6-9

enclosures heated from side, 2.11.6-1/2.11.6-4

penetrative convection, 2.11.6-9

spherical enclosures, 2.11.6-4/2.11.6-6

Porous surfaces, for enhancement of boiling heat transfer, 2.7.9-1
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.2-2
Portable fouling unit, 3.17.6-3
Postburnout heat transfer (see Postdryout heat transfer; Transition boiling; Film boiling)
Postdryout heat transfer:

correlations for in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-39/2.7.3-43

with departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, 2.7.3-41

empirical correlations, 2.7.3-39/2.7.3-41

semitheoretical, 2.7.3-41/2.7.3-43

in evaporators, 3.5.7-5

Potential functions, for use in molecular dynamics simulations, 2.13.7-2/2.13.7-10

effective pair potential for water, 2.13.7-4/2.13.7-5

embedded atom method for, 2.13.7-7/2.13.7-10

for larger molecules in liquid phase, 2.13.7-5/2.13.7-6

Leonard-Jones potential, 2.13.7-3/2.13.7-4

many-bodied, for carbon and silicon, 2.13.7-6/2.13.7-7

pair potential for solid metal, 2.13.7-7/2.13.7-10

Powders:

classification of types, in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-7/2.2.6-8

thermal conductivity under vacuum, 2.1.1-2

Power, conversion of units, xxvii, xlv-lvi

chart for, lii

Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), 2.2.8-7

forced convective heat transfer to, 2.5.12-1/2.5.12-19

free convective heat transfer to bodies immersed in, 2.5.7-10, 2.5.7-25

Power plant:

design for fouling in, 3.17.6-20/3.17.6-22

entropy generation in, 1.8.4-1/1.8.4-3

Prandtl number, 1.2.3-4, 2.1.3-3

effect on laminar flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-23

formulas, 5.1.4-7

of heavy water, 5.5.9-3

of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175

of saturated vapors and liquids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-98

of saturated water, 5.5.3-30

of seawater, 5.5.13-9

shell-side, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-17

turbulent, 2.2.1-19

of water, 5.5.3-28/5.5.3-29

Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, 3.17.2-1
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, 4.5.6-6
Precommissioning, of waste heat boilers, 3.16.4-1/3.16.4-2

cleaning during, 3.16.4-1/3.16.4-2

storage during, 3.16.4-2

Prehenitene, see 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
Pressure, conversion of units for, xxvii, xlv-lvi

chart for, lv

Pressure coefficient:

for flow over single cylinder, 2.2.4-2

for flow over tube in tube bank, 2.2.4-2

Pressure control of condensers, 3.4.5-1
Pressure drop:

in air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.6-1

in condensers, 3.4.7-1/3.4.7-2

in double-pipe heat exchangers, 3.2.2-4

in evaporators, 3.5.6-1/.3.5.6-2

in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-2/2.2.6-3

in foam systems, 2.12.1-3/2.12.1-4

in gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-7/2.3.2-18

frictional, in straight pipes, 2.3.2-9/2.3.2-12

in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.3.2-12/2.3.2-13

in singularities, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-18

in stratified flow, 2.3.2-23/2.3.2-24

in vertical annular flow, 2.3.2-19

in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.2.7-1/2.2.7-11

in internally finned tubes, 2.5.11-5/2.5.11-6

in liquid-liquid flow, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-40

in liquid-liquid-gas flow

homogeneous models for, 2.3.6-8/2.3.6-9

in slug flows, 2.3.6-8

in microchannels

in condensation in, 2.13.6-5/2.13.6-19

in evaporation in, 2.13.4-16/2.13.4-19

in gas-liquid two phase flow, 2.13.5-14/2.13.5-17

in single phase flow, 2.13.1-1/2.13.1-11

in multiphase systems, 2.3.1-1/2.3.1-10

in gas-solid flow, 2.3.3-2, 2.3.3-4/2.3.3-7

overall, in cooling towers, 3.12.2-6/3.12.2-9

in packings of cooling towers, 3.12.2-7/3.12.2-8

in plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.10-1/3.9.10-2

in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.3-1/3.7.3-4

and pumping power in heat exchangers, 1.2.4-5/1.2.4-6

in reboilers, 3.6.3-1

in regenerators, 3.15.0-4

on shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.1-1/3.3.11-5

as limitation in design, 3.3.10-6

with longitudinal flow, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12-17

in single-phase systems: ducts and fittings, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-28

in fixed beds, 2.2.5-1/2.2.5-7

introduction and fundamentals, 2.2.1-1/2.2.1-42

in non-Newtonian fluid flow, 2.2.8-10/2.2.8-13

in tube banks, 2.2.4-1/2.2.4-17, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

in tube banks with longitudinal flow, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12-17

in vertical tubes with subcooled boiling, 2.7.3-10/2.7.3-11

Pressure gradient:

effect in transition boundary layer flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-28

(See also Pressure drop)

Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, 4.3.3-2
Pressure testing,

PD 5500 guidance for, 4.3.2-16/4.3.2-17

EN13445 guidance for, 4.3.3-23/4.3.3-24

Pressure vessels, principle codes for, 4.3.1-2

PD5500, 4.3.2-1/4.3.2-17

EN13445, 4.3.3-1/4.3.3-25

Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, 3.17.9-1/3.17.9-4

deposit formation, 3.17.9-2/3.17.9-3

impact on performance, 3.17.9-3/3.17.9-4

mitigation, 3.17.9-4

Printed circuit heat exchanger, 3.1.2-7/3.1.2-8
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, 1.7.3-1/1.7.3-6
Process heaters:

electrical, specifications of, 4.9.2-7/4.9.2-10

fired, 3.11.2-1/3.11.2-2

Progressive plastic deformation

EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-20/4.3.3-21

Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-25
Promoters, in dropwise condensation, 2.6.5-1/2.6.5-2
Propadiene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-32

saturation properties, 5.5.1-36

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-32

Propane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-6

saturation properties, 5.5.1-10

superheated vapors: physical properties, 5.5.11-6

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-4

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-5

1-Propanol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-62

saturation properties, 5.5.1-65

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-62

transport properties of gases at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-25

2-Propanol:

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-26

Propeller agitator, 3.13.2-1/3.14.2-2

heat transfer in agitated vessels with, 3.14.3-1

Propene, see propylene
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property

Effects in boundary layer, 2.2.7-7

Propine, see methylacetate
Propionaldehyde:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-86

saturation properties, 5.5.1-87

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-86

Propionic acid:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-95

saturation properties, 5.5.1-95

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-95

Propionic anhydride:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-100

saturation properties, 5.5.1-100

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-100

Proprionitrile:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-150

saturation properties, 5.5.1-149

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-149

Propyl acetate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-77

saturation properties, 5.5.1-79

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-77

Propylamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-141

saturation properties, 5.5.1-141

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-140

Propylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-49

saturation properties, 5.5.1-52

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-49

Propylchloride (see 1-Chloropropane)
Propylcyclohexane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-44

saturation properties, 5.5.1-47

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-44

Propylcyclopentane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-42

saturation properties, 5.5.1-45

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-42

Propylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-20

saturation properties, 5.5.1-24

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-20

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-8

transport properties of gases at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-16

1,3-Propylene glycol:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-70

saturation properties, 5.5.1-72

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-70

Propylene oxide:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-105

saturation properties, 5.5.1-106

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-105

Propyl formate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-75

saturation properties, 5.5.1-77

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-75

Propyl propionate:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-81

saturation properties, 5.5.1-82

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-81

Propyne, see Methylacetylene
Proximity agitators, 3.14.2-1

heat transfer in agitated vessels with, 3.14.3-3/3.14.3-6

Pseudocritical pressure, 5.2.7-2
Pseudocritical tempertaure, 5.2.7-1/5.2.7-2
Pseudocumene, see 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene
PTFE sheeting (modified) for gaskets, 4.12.2-1/4.12.2-2
Pugh, S. F., 5.4.5-1/5.4.5-5, 5.5.8-1/5.5.8-3
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, 3.11.6-5/3.17.6-6
Pulsating heat pipes:

applications of, 2.13.8-22/2.13.8-23

description of, 2.13.8-2/2.13.8-4

experimental studies of, 2.13.8-10/2.13.8-14

mathematical models of, 2.13.8-19/2.13.8-22

Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-8
Pumping, lost work in, 1.9.5-7/1.9.5-8
Pumps, feedwater, for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-2/3.16.2-3
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, 2.3.2-22
PWR, (see Pressurised Water Reactor)
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-25
Pyridine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-146

saturation properties, 5.5.1-146

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-145

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