Index:

S

• Saddle supports, for heat exchangers, 4.3.8-20/4.3.8-32
• design example, 4.3.8-23/4.3.8-32
• design to PD 5500, 4.3.2-9/4.3.2-10
• design to EN13445, 4.3.3-9
• provision for pressure and thermal movement, 4.3.8-22
• Safety factors,
• in design using EN13445 code, 4.3.3-3/4.3.3-4
• in design using PD 5500 code, 4.3.2-3/4.3.2-4
• Safety, of heat exchangers:
• failure mechanisms, 4.17.1-3/4.17.1-4
• compact heat exchangers, 4.17.1-3
• shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.17.1-3/4.17.1-4
• introduction to, 4.17.1-1/4.17.1-4
• selection of heat exchangers for safe operation, 4.17.1-2/4.17.1-3
• compact heat exchangers, 4.17.1-2
• shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.17.1-2/4.17.1-3
• tube side failure and relief in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-15
• design and assessment for, 4.17.2-2/4.17.2-3
• failure scenarios in, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-2
• relief system design for, 4.17.2-3/4.17.2-14
• Salicyl aldehyde:
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-89
• saturation properties, 5.5.1-90
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-89
• Salts, heat transfer, as heat transfer media, 5.5.15-39/5.5.15-40
• Sand roughness, equivalent, 2.2.1-29
• Santotherm, heat transfer media, 5.5.15-51/5.5.15-54
• Saturated boiling:
• in pool boiling, 2.7.2-1/2.7.2-17
• in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-11/2.7.3-17
• nucleate, 2.7.3-11
• two-phase forced convective, 2.7.3-12/2.7.3-17
• Saturated density:
• of pure liquids, 5.1.2-9
• of liquid mixtures, 5.2.1-3/5.2.1-4
• Saturated fluids, tables of physical properties, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• Saturation pressure, 2.7.1-1
• of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• of liquids below their boiling points, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175
• Saturation temperature, 2.7.1-1
• of commonly used fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175
• Saunders, E. A. D., 4.2.1-1/4.2.6-13, 4.11.1-1
• Scale formation in heat exchangers,
• in gas-side fouling, 3.17.6-23/3.17.6-25
• in water systems, 3.17.4-11
• Scaling approximations, in nonisothermal gas radiation, 2.9.7-8/2.9.7-10
• narrow-band scaling: the Curtis Godson approximation, 2.9.7-8/2.9.7-9
• wide-band scaling, 2.9.7-9/2.9.7-10
• Scattering bed models, for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, 2.9.4-8/2.9.4-9
• Scattering, interaction phenomena with, 2.9.8-9/2.9.8-10
• Scattering coefficient, 2.9.5-2
• Schack wide-band model, for gas radiation properties, 2.9.5-6
• Schick and Prausnitz method, for critical volume of mixtures, 5.2.7-4/5.2.7-5
• Schlunder, E. U., 2.1.1-1/2.1.7-8, 3.13.1-1/3.13.6-1
• Schmidt, F. W., 2.4.7-1/2.4.7-39, 3.15.0-1/3.15.0-5, 3.15.12-1/3.15.12-13
• Schmidt correlation, for heat transfer in in-line banks of high fin tubes, 2.5.3-21
• Schmidt number, 1.2.3-4
• Schneider, G. E., 2.4.8-1/2.4.8-30
• Schrock and Grossman correlations, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, 2.7.3-8
• Schunk, M., 5.1.4-1/5.1.5-3, 5.4.1-1/5.4.4-6
• Schwier, K., 5.5.3-1/5.5.3-5
• Scraped surfaces:
• fouling of, 3.17.7-22
• heat exchangers, description of, 3.1.2-6
• heat transfer coefficients with, 3.14.3-4/3.14.3-6
• in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-3
• in evaporators, 3.5.2-9
• in heat exchangers, 1.1.4-2
• mechanical design for, 4.4.4-5/4.4.4-6
• Scaling devices, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.5-8/4.2.5-9
• Seawater physical properties, 5.5.13-1/5.5.13-9
• Seider-Tate equation, for heat transfer in heat exchangers, 3.3.2-2
• Selection of heat transfer equipment:
• dryers, 3.13.2-1/3.13.2-4
• for evaporation, 3.5.5-1/3.5.5-3
• general introduction to, 3.1.2-1/3.1.2-9
• reboilers, 3.6.1-2/3.6.1-8
• 3.6.1-8
• Semiconductors, thermal conductivity, 5.4.3-3
• Separated flow model:
• application to stratified flow prediction, 2.3.2-23/2.3.2-24
• conservation equations for: in gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-8/2.3.2-9
• in multiphase flows, 2.3.1-6/2.3.1-7
• Separation, exergy analysis for, 1.9.4-1/1.9.4-2
• Separators, for use in association with evaporators, 3.5.4-1/3.5.4-2
• Series solutions, for one-dimensional transient conduction, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7
• Serizawa, A., 2.13.5-1/2.13.5-20
• Serrated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, 3.9.3-1
• Shah correlation for boiling, 2.7.3-15
• Shah correlation, for boiling in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-5/2.7.4-6
• Shape factor, in radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces, 2.9.3-1/2.9.3-4
• Shear flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, 2.2.8-1/2.2.8-3
• Shear free flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, 2.2.8-3/2.2.8-6
• Shear rate, in fluid, 2.2.8-1
• Shear stress:
• distribution of wall, in flow over single cylinder, 2.2.3-5
• influence on fouling, 3.17.3-4
• interfacial effect on filmwise condensation, on vertical surfaces, 2.6.2-5/2.6.2-7
• turbulent, in pipe flow, 2.2.2-5
• Shelf dryer, 3.13.2-4
• Shell-and-tube heat exchanger:
• application of low-fin tubes in, 3.3.11-2/3.3.11-3
• approximate film coefficients in, 4.8.1-3
• approximate overall coefficient in, 2.1.2-3, 4.8.1-3
• approximate sizing of, 3.1.4-1/3.1.4-9
• basic design equation for, 3.1.4-9
• estimation of heat load, 3.1.4-1/3.1.4-2
• estimation of mean temperature difference, 3.1.4-2/3.1.4-3
• estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient, 3.1.4-3/3.1.4-6
• estimation of surface area, 3.1.4-6/3.1.4-7
• example of, 3.1.4-7/3.1.4-9
• baffle leakage in, numerical calculation of, 1.4.2-3
• corrosion and other damage of, 4.5.3-1/4.5.3-7
• costing of, 4.8.2-1/4.8.2-5, 4.8.1-4
• comparison of costs with those of plate heat exchangers, 4.8.1-9
• description, 3.1.2-2/3.1.2-3
• effectiveness, cell method for, 1.6.1-1/1.6.12-1
• expansion bellows for, 4.10.2-1/4.10.2-8
• F-factor and theta-NTU charts for, 1.5.2-1/1.5.2-17
• E-shell with even number of passes, 1.5.2-5
• five E-shells in series, 1.5.2-9
• four E-shells in series, 1.5.2-8
• G-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-16
• J-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-14
• J-shell, one tube pass, 1.5.2-13
• six E-shells in series, 1.5.2-10
• three E-shells in series, 1.5.2-7
• two E-shells in series, 1.5.2-6
• F-type shells, thermal leakage in, 1.5.2-17
• fouling in, 3.3.4-5, 3.3.5-14/3.3.5-15, 3.17.7-1/3.17.7-2
• as a limiting factor in design, 3.3.10-7/3.3.10-8
• as a source of damage, 4.5.3-5
• introduction to design features, 1.1.5-1/1.1.5-2
• materials of construction, 4.5.2-1/4.5.2-6
• mechanical design: basic principles, 4.1.1-1/4.1.8-5
• constructional features, 4.2.1-1/4.2.6-13
• design codes for, 4.3.1-1/4.3.5-11
• example of calculations, 4.3.6-1/4.3.6-30
• supports, 4.3.8-1/4.3.8-32
• multipass, 1.1.1-2
• nonuniform heat transfer in, 2.1.4-1/2.1.4-3
• numerical solutions for: with flow pattern calculation, 1.4.2-1/1.4.2-4
• with prescribed flow patterns, 1.4.1-1/1.4.1-6
• pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds in, 2.2.7-1/2.2.7-11
• safety of, 4.17.1-2/4.17.1-3, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-15
• specifications, 4.9.2-1
• thermal design, 3.3.1-1/3.3.11-5
• auxiliary calculations, 3.3.6-1/3.3.6-11
• calculation of shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop, 3.3.8-1/3.3.8-3
• extension to other shell, baffle, and tube bundle geometries, 3.3.11-1/3.3.11-3
• flow stream analysis method for, 3.3.13-1/3.3.13-10
• ideal tube-bank correlations for, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4
• input data and recommended practices, 3.3.5-1/3.3.5-17
• objectives and background, 3.3.1-1/3.3.1-2
• performance evaluation when geometry specified, 3.3.9-1/3.3.9-6
• practices of design, 3.3.4-1/3.3.4-5
• procedures for segmentally baffled exchangers, 3.3.10-1/3.3.10-8
• recommended method, principles and limitations, 3.3.3-1/3.3.3-5
• survey of shell-side flow correlations, 3.3.2-1/3.3.2-6
• tube failure in, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-15
• design and assessment for, 4.17.2-2/4.17.2-3
• relief system design for, 4.17.2-3/4.17.2-14
• scenarios for, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-2
• Shell-to-baffle clearance, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-13/3.3.5-14
• Shells, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
• costing, 4.8.2-1/4.8.2-5
• inside diameter: metric practice for, 3.3.5-3
• U.S. practice for, 3.3.5-3
• materials of construction, 4.5.2-1/4.5.2-2
• mechanical design: analytical basis for codes, 4.3.3-1/4.3.3-2
• basic principles, 4.1.3-1
• constructional features of, 4.2.6-1
• Sherwood number, 1.2.3-2, 2.1.5-2
• in particle-to-fluid mass transfer in fixed beds, 2.5.4-1/2.5.4-6
• Shipes, K. V., 4.4.1-1/4.4.1-7
• Short-tube vertical evaporator, 3.5.2-3
• Shulman, Z. P., 5.3.1-1/5.3.8-3
• SI units (see International System of Units)
• Siemens (SI unit), xxviii
• Sieve tray columns, for direct contact heat transfer, 3.19.1-3,3.19.4-1/3.19.4-3
• Sievert (SI unit), xxviii
• Sigma phase embrittlement, of stainless steels, 4.5.6-9/4.5.6-10
• Silicate scales, in heat exchangers, 3.17.6-14
• Silicon, amorphous, simulation of crystallisation of using molecular dynamics, 2.13.7-22
• Silicone oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, 5.5.15-62/5.5.15-67
• Silver method, for calculation of multicomponent condensation, 2.6.3-5
• Similarity theory, 2.2.1-10/2.2.1-13
• Simultaneous heat and mass transfer (see Heat and mass transfer, combined)
• Single-blow operation, of regenerators and thermal energy storage devices, 3.15.12-1/3.15.12-13
• Single-phase convective heat transfer (see Convective heat transfer, single-phase)
• Single-phase fluid flow:
• in ducts and fittings, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-28
• in fixed beds, 2.2.5-1/2.2.5-7
• in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, 2.2.7-1/2.2.7-11
• in microchannels, 2.13.2-1/2.13.2-20
• over immersed bodies, 2.2.3-1/2.2.3-9
• introduction and fundamentals, 2.2.1-1/2.2.1-42
• in tube banks, 2.2.4-1/2.2.4-17
• Single stage flash evaporation (SSF):
• mathematical models for, 3.22.2-34/3.22.2-40
• example, 3.22.2-37/3.22.2-40
• processes in, 3.22.2-2/3.22.2-4
• temperature profiles, 3.22.2-3
• Singularities, two-phase gas-liquid pressure drop across, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-18
• bends, 2.3.2-17
• open valves, 2.3.2-18
• orifice plates, 2.3.2-17/2.3.2-18
• slow changes in cross section, 2.3.2-15/2.3.2-16
• sudden contraction, 2.3.2-16/2.3.2-17
• sudden enlargement, 2.3.2-16
• Sink, in radiation:
• heat transfer between source, refractory, and, 2.9.3-11/2.9.3-12
• heat transfer from source to, 2.9.3-10/2.9.3-11
• Skid-mounted units, specification of, 4.9.2-6
• Skin friction coefficient, 2.2.1-22
• in flow over cylinders, 2.2.3-5
• in flow over tube banks, 2.2.4-3/2.2.4-5
• Stratford formulas for, in boundary layers, 2.2.1-24/2.2.1-25
• in turbulent flow over flat plates, 2.2.1-33/2.2.1-34
• Skrinska, A., 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-30
• Slab:
• configuration for regenerators, models for, 3.15.12-6
• heat transfer in cooling of, 2.1.3-1/2.1.3-2
• leaching process in, 2.1.5-2
• radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gas in, 2.9.7-3/2.9.7-5, 2.9.7-10/2.9.7-13
• transient conduction in, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-10
• numerical methods for, 2.4.3-8/2.4.3-10
• series solution for, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7
• solution using internal heat transfer coefficient, 2.4.3-7/2.4.3-8
• Sleeves, internal, for expansion bellows, 4.10.2-2
• Slip ratio (see Velocity ratio)
• Slot:
• nozzles, impinging jets from, 2.5.6-2/2.5.6-3
• radiative heat transfer along, 2.9.3-15/2.9.3-16
• Slug flow:
• hydrodynamics, 2.3.2-24/2.3.2-25
• in three-phase, liquid-liquid gas flows:
• characteristics of, 2.3.6-2/2.3.6-3
• pressure drop in, 2.3.6-8
• slug frequencies in, 2.3.6-7/2.3.6-8
• transition from stratified to, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-2
• mechanism of critical heat flux in, 2.7.3-22
• regions of occurrence of, in gas-liquid flow in horizontal tubes, 2.3.2-1/2.3.2-5
• Slugging, in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-1
• Smith, A. A., 4.8.3-1/4.8.3-3
• Smith, R., 1.7.1-1/1.7.6-1
• Smith, R. A., 3.5.1-1/3.5.8-4, 3.18.1-1/3.18.2-5, 3.18.4-1/3.18.6-3
• Smith, O., 4.11.3-1/4.11.3-6
• Smoluchowski effect, 2.1.1-2
• Snell's law, in radiation, 2.9.2-9
• Software, for code design, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-6
• factors affecting results, 4.3.9-1/4.3.9-2
• compiler, 4.3.9-2
• design code, 4.3.9-2
• hardware, 4.3.9-1
• operating system, 4.3.9-2
• software, 4.3.9-2
• the user, 4.3.9-2
• software quality, 4.3.9-2/4.3.9-4
• documentation and output, 4.3.9-3/4.3.9-4
• maintenance, 4.3.9-3
• quality assurance, 4.3.9-3
• technical support, 4.3.9-3
• undocumented features (bugs) 4.3.9-3
• validation, 4.3.9-2/4.3.9-3
• Solar absorber, 2.9.2-15/2.9.2-16
• Solar reflector, 2.9.2-16
• Soldered fins, in double pipe exchangers, 3.2.5-1
• Solid fuels, properties of, 3.11.3-3
• Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-11/2.2.6-12
• Solid-gas flow:
• flow patterns, 2.3.3-2
• free-fall velocity in, 2.3.3-3
• pressure drop in, 2.3.3-2, 2.3.3-4/2.3.3-9
• principles of pneumatic conveyance by, 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-2
• horizontal pipes, 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-2
• inclined pipes, 2.3.3-2
• vertical pipes, 2.3.3-1
• velocity ratio in, 2.3.3-4
• Solid-liquid flow:
• flow patterns in, 2.3.4-1/2.3.4-2
• pressure drop in, 2.3.4-2/2.3.4-6
• principles of hydraulic conveyance, 2.3.4-1
• Solidification:
• direct contact, 2.10.3-12
• fouling by, 3.17.2-1/3.17.2-2
• heat conduction in, 2.4.4-1/2.4.4-2
• Solids:
• as constituents in multiphase flows, 2.3.1-1
• physical properties, 5.4.1-1/5.4.5-5
• density, 5.4.1-1/5.4.1-2
• elastic properties, 5.4.5-1/5.4.5-5
• emissivity, 5.4.4-1/5.4.4-4
• specific heat, 5.4.2-1/5.4.2-2
• thermal conductivity, 5.4.3-1/5.4.3-3
• total emissivities, 3.11.3-6
• Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, 2.2.6-11/2.2.6-12
• Soot blowing, 3.17.8-3
• Sound power, 3.8.9-1/3.8.9-2
• Sound pressure level, 3.8.9-1/3.8.9-2
• Sound velocity:
• in ideal gas, 2.2.1-9
• in two-phase gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-27
• Source, in radiation:
• radiative heat transfer between refractory, sink and, 2.9.3-11/2.9.3-12
• radiative heat transfer between sink and, 2.9.3-10/2.9.3-11
• Spacers, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.5-8/4.2.5-9
• Spalding, D. B., 1.1.1-1/1.4.3-6
• Sparging:
• for agitation of vessels, 3.1.4-2
• of reboilers, 3.6.4-3
• Specific enthalpy, 1.2.1-1
• of saturated liquids and vapors, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• of superheated fluids, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36
• of water, 5.5.3-1/5.5.3-10
• Specific entropy:
• of superheated fluids, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36
• of water, 5.5.3-1/5.5.3-10
• Specific heat (see Specific heat capacity)
• Specific heat capacity, 1.2.1-2/1.2.1-3
• conversion of units for, xxxi, xlv-lvi
• of heavy water, 5.5.9-2
• of heat transfer media, 5.5.15-1/5.5.15-42
• of liquid water, 5.5.3-2
• of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175
• of multicomponent mixtures, 5.2.3-8/5.2.3-9
• in polymers, 2.5.12-3, 5.3.6-2
• of saturated liquids and vapors, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• of seawater, 5.5.13-6
• of solids, 5.4.2-1/5.4.2-2
• of superheated fluids, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36
• of superheated gases, 5.11.1-1/5.11.1-83
• of water, 5.5.3-23
• Specific internal energy, 1.2.1-1
• Specific volume:
• of polymers, 5.3.6-2
• of the gas phase, 5.1.2-1/5.1.2-9
• of the liquid phase, 5.1.2-9/5.1.2-23
• of superheated gases, tables of, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-21
• Specification of heat exchangers, 4.9.1-1/4.9.2-10
• air-cooled heat exchangers, 4.9.2-1/4.9.2-4
• cold box (plate-fin, brazed aluminum), 4.9.2-6
• electrical process heaters, 4.9.2-7/4.9.2-10
• packaged and skid mounted results, 4.9.2-6
• plate heat exchangers, 4.9.2-5
• shell-and-tube exchangers, 4.9.2-1
• in EN13445 code, 4.3.3-2/4.3.3-3
• in PD 5500 code, 4.3.2-2/4.3.2-3
• Spectral absorptivity:
• in gases, 2.9.5-5
• of metals at room temperatures, 2.9.2-11/2.9.2-12
• Spectral emissivity, in gases, 2.9.5-5
• Specular surface, 2.9.4-1
• radiative heat transfer between imperfectly diffuse surfaces and, 2.9.4-1/2.9.4-11
• Specular-walled passages, radiative heat transfer in, 2.9.4-5/2.9.4-7
• with adiabatic sides, 2.9.4-6/2.9.4-7
• with isothermal sides, 2.9.4-5/2.9.4-6
• with nonisothermal sides, 2.9.4-6
• Spheres:
• characteristics of, as packings for fixed beds, 2.2.5-2
• combined free and forced convective heat transfer from, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-6
• in transverse flow, 2.5.9.6
• in vertical flow, 2.5.9-1/2.5.9-4
• concentric, free convective heat transfer in, 2.5.8-16
• drag coefficients for, 2.2.3-2
• fixed beds of, heat transfer in, 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-17, 2.5.4-1/2.5.4-7
• free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-24/2.5.7-25
• heat transfer to beds of moving, agitated, and vibrated 2.8.3-3/2.8.3-7
• in porous media, heat transfer to,
• forced convection, 2.11.3-2/2.11.3-3
• natural convection, 2.11.5-5
• single-phase forced convection heat transfer to, 2.5.2-9/2.5.2-11, 2.5.4-1
• combined correlation for, 2.5.2-9, 2.5.4-1
• effect of direction of heat flux, 2.5.2-10
• in restricted channel, 2.5.2-9/2.5.2-10
• local heat transfer, 2.5.2-9
• transient conduction in, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-10
• numerical methods for, 2.4.3-8/2.4.3-10
• series solutions for, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7
• solutions using internal heat transfer coefficient, 2.4.3-7/2.4.3-8
• Spherical coordinates, for finite difference equations for conduction, 2.4.7-31
• Spherical enclosures in porous media, heat transfer to, 2.11.6-4/2.11.6-6
• Spherical shells:
• mechanical design of, 4.1.3-1/4.1.3-2
• nozzle loads in, 4.3.7-3/4.3.7-6
• steady-state thermal conduction in, 2.4.2-1/2.4.2-3
• with external pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-7
• with internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, 4.3.3-4
• Spheroids (oblate and prolate), free convective heat transfer from, 2.5.7-25
• Spine fins:
• efficiency, 2.4.9-5/2.4.9-8
• in plate fin exchangers, 3.9.3-1
• Spiral heat exchanger:
• approximate overall heat transfer coefficients in, 2.1.2-4
• description of, 3.1.2-4/3.1.2-5
• fouling in, 3.17.7-2/<3.17.7-3
• mean temperature difference in, 1.5.3-13/1.5.3-14
• mechanical design of, 4.4.4-4/4.4.4-5
• Sponge rubber balls, in fouling mitigation, 3.17.8-1/3.17.8-2
• Spray columns, for direct contact heat transfer, 3.19.1-2,3.19.3-1/3.19.3-4
• Spray condensers, 3.20.1-2
• Spray dryers, 3.13.7-2/3.13.7-3
• Sprays, in heat exchangers, 1.1.4-2
• Square ducts:
• laminar flow in, 2.2.2-8/2.2.2-12
• roughened wall, radiative heat transfer along, 2.9.4-9/2.9.4-10
• SSF, (see Single stage flash evaporation)
• Stable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, 2.7.1-1
• Staggered tube banks:
• application in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-5
• correlations for heat transfer in, 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-30
• finned tubes, 2.5.3-19/2.5.3-30
• plain tubes, 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-18
• drag coefficients for tubes in, 2.2.4-4
• pressure drop with finned tubes, 2.2.4-13/2.2.4-14
• pressure drop in, with plain tubes, 2.2.4-8/2.2.4-9
• correction factors for overall number of tube rows, 2.2.4-10
• effect of yawing on, 2.2.4-12
• Stagnant packed beds (see Fixed beds)
• Stainless steels, 4.5.6-1/4.5.6-14
• as materials of construction, 4.5.2-3/4.5.2-4
• austenitic, 4.5.2-4
• ferritic, 4.5.2-3/4.5.2-4
• austenitic, 4.5.6-2/4.5.6-3
• corrosion resistance of, 4.5.6-10/4.5.6-14
• crevice corrosion, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13
• intergranular corrosion, 4.5.6-12/4.5.6-13
• pitting corrosion, 4.5.6-11/4.5.6-12
• stress corrosion cracking, 4.5.6-13/4.5.6-14
• duplex, 4.5.6-5/4.5.6-7
• embrittlement of, 4.5.6-8/4.5.6-10
• sigma phase, 4.5.6-9/4.5.6-10
• martensitic, 4.5.6-3/4.5.6-5
• mechanical properties of, 4.5.6-3/4.5.6-8
• precipitation hardening of, 4.5.6-6
• ductility and toughness, 4.5.6-7
• tensile strength, 4.5.6-7
• spectral characteristics of reflectance from oxidized surface of, 2.9.2-15
• Stanton number, 1.2.3-1, 2.2.1-13
• Startup:
• of heat pumps, 3.10.7-1/3.10.7-2
• of reboilers, 3.6.4-2/3.6.4-3
• State diagram, for fluidized beds, 2.2.6-2
• Static quality (see Quality)
• Statically stable foams, 2.12.1-1
• heat transfer to in tubes and tube banks, 2.12.2-1/2.12.2-9
• Steam, dropwise condensation of, 2.6.5-4/2.6.5-8
• Steam drums:
• level measurement and control in, 3.16.2-10/3.16.2-11
• separation efficiency of, 3.16.2-9
• for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-8/3.16.2-11
• Steam tables, 5.5.3-1/5.5.3-31
• Steam turbine exhaust condensers, 3.4.3-6/3.4.3-8
• Steels, as material of construction, 4.5.2-2/4.5.2-4
• austenitic stainless, 4.5.2-4
• carbon steel, 4.5.2-2/4.5.2-3
• ferritic stainless, 4.5.2-3/4.5.2-4
• low-alloy steels, 4.5.2-3
• Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 2.9.1-3
• Stefan's law, for blackbody radiation, 2.9.1-3
• Stegmaier, W., 2.3.3-1/2.3.3-10
• Steiner and Taborek correlation, for forced convective boiling, 2.7.3-13/2.7.3-14
• Stephan and Korner correlation, for boiling of binary mixtures, 2.7.7-2
• Stephan-Maxwell equations for diffusion, 2.1.5-1
• Stiffeners, PD 5500 code guidelines for, 4.3.2-7
• Stiffeners, against external pressure, EN13445 guidance on, 4.3.3-6/4.3.3-7
• Stirred beds, heat transfer to, 2.8.3-5/2.8.3-6
• Stirred reactor model, for furnaces, 3.11.4-1/3.11.4-6
• Stirred tanks (see Agitated vessels)
• Stone's strongly implicit method,
• for solution of implicit finite difference equations, 2.4.7-23/2.4.7-25
• program for, 2.4.7-37/2.4.7-39
• Straight fins (longitudinal fins):
• application in double-pipe heat exchangers, 3.2.1-1/3.2.6-2
• description of, 2.4.9-3
• efficiency of, 2.4.9-5/2.5.9-8, 3.2.3-1/3.2.3-3
• Stratfords method, for solution of boundary layer equations, 2.2.1-21
• Stratification, in gas-liquid flow (see Stratified flow)
• Stratified gas-liquid flow:
• in boiling in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-2
• prediction of, in horizontal and inclined tubes, 2.3.2-23/2.3.2-24
• regions of occurrence of: in condensation, 2.3.2-7
• in horizontal tubes, 2.3.2-2/2.3.2-4
• in inclined tubes, 2.3.2-4/2.3.2-5
• in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 2.3.2-5/2.3.2-6
• as source of dryout in evaporative heat transfer, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-8
• in bends, 2.7.4-8/2.7.4-9
• in helical coils, 2.7.4-9/2.7.4-10
• in horizontal tubes, 2.7.4-1/2.7.4-8
• Stratified liquid-liquid-gas flow:
• characteristics of, 2.3.6-1
• interfacial friction in, 2.3.6-4/2.3.6-5
• models for, 2.3.6-3/2.3.6-6
• wall friction in, 2.3.6-4
• Steam analysis methods, for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.2-3/3.3.2-6
• Stress analysis, finite element methods for, 4.1.9-1/4.1.9-8
• in heat exchanger analysis, 4.1.9-3/4.1.9-5
• in vibration analysis, 4.1.9-5/4.1.9-8
• Stress, compressive, in heat exchanger tubes, 4.3.3-12
• Stress corrosion cracking, of stainless steels, 4.5.6-13/4.5.6-14
• Stress equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, 2.2.1-29
• Stress-strain curve, for solids, 5.4.5-2/5.4.5-3
• Stress tensor:
• in non-Newtonian fluids, 2.2.8-2
• in turbulent flow, 2.2.1-16
• Stresses:
• allowable, comparison of codes for, in mechanical design of heat exchangers, 4.3.4-1
• in nozzle loading, 4.3.7-7
• in support systems, 4.3.8-1/4.3.8-32
• types of, in heat exchangers, 4.1.1-1/4.1.1-2
• Strip baffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, 3.3.12-5/3.3.12-16
• design considerations for, 3.3.12-13/3.3.12-14
• heat transfer with, 3.3.12-10/3.3.12-12
• pressure drop with, 3.3.12-7/3.3.12-10
• Strouhal number, 2.2.3-3
• values for: banks of tubes, 2.2.4-15/2.2.4-16
• flow over blunt bodies, 2.2.3-7
• flow over single cylinders, 2.2.3-3, 2.2.4-1
• in vortex shedding as source of tube vibration, 4.6.4-1/4.6.4-2
• Styrene (see Vinylbenzene)
• Subchannel analysis, for critical heat flux in rod bundles, 2.7.3-21
• Subcooled boiling:
• in pool boiling, 2.7.2-1/2.7.2-17
• in vertical tubes, 2.7.3-6/2.7.3-11
• fully developed, 2.7.3-8/2.7.3-9
• onset of, 2.7.3-6/2.7.3-8
• partial, 2.7.3-9/2.7.3-10
• single phase convection, 2.7.3-6
• void fraction in, 2.7.3-10/2.7.3-11
• Subcooling:
• in condensers, 3.4.3-5, 3.4.6-4, 2.6.3-16/2.6.3-17
• of liquid: effect on critical heat flux, 2.7.3-19
• effect on forced convective boiling, 2.7.3-6/2.7.3-11
• effect on pool boiling: critical heat flux, 2.7.2-16/2.7.2-17
• nucleate boiling, 2.7.2-12
• of vapor in condensation, 2.6.7-1
• Sublayer, viscous, 2.2.2-1
• Successive over-under relaxation method for solution of implicit equations, 2.4.7-19/2.4.7-22
• Suction:
• effect on laminar flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-27
• effect in transition flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-28/2.2.1-29
• effect in turbulent flow over flat plate, 2.2.1-35
• use in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-3, 2.5.11-9
• Sudden contractions (see]Contraction)
• Sudden enlargement (see Enlargement)
• Sulfur:
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-81
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-173
• Sulfur compounds (organic):
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-70
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-153/5.5.11-155
• Sulfur dioxide:
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-164
• saturated properties, 5.5.1-164
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-164
• Sulfur hexafluoride:
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-165
• saturation properties, 5.5.1-165
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-165
• Sulfur trioxide:
• liquid properties, 5.5.10-165
• saturation properties, 5.5.1-164
• superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-165
• Superficial velocity, in multiphase flow, 2.3.1-4
• Superheated gases:
• thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-21
• transport properties, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-175
• Superheated liquid, in metastable state, 2.7.1-1
• Superheated vapor, condensation of, on vertical surface, 2.6.2-3
• Superheaters, for waste heat boilers, 3.16.2-12/3.16.2-13
• Superposition models, for regenerators and thermal energy storage devices, 3.15.12-9/3.15.12-11
• Supersaturation, as cause of fogging in condensers:
• conditions producing, 2.6.7-2/2.6.7-3
• description of, 2.6.7-1
• Supports, for heat exchangers (see Saddle supports; Bracket supports)
• Suppression of nucleate boiling, 2.7.3-11/2.7.3-12
• Surface condensers, 3.4.3-6/3.4.3-8
• Surface finish:
• effect on fouling, 3.17.3-4/3.17.4-5
• effect in pool boiling:
• critical heat flux, 2.7.2-17
• nucleate boiling, 2.7.2-10/2.7.2-11
• (See also Roughness, surface)
• Surface, hydraulically smooth, 2.2.2-1
• Surface material, effect on fouling, 3.17.3-4
• Surface models, in radiative heat transfer, 2.9.4-7/2.9.4-9
• diffraction models, 2.9.4-7/2.9.4-8
• geometric optics models, 2.9.4-8
• scattering bed models, 2.9.4-8/2.9.4-9
• Surface preparation, for painting and coating, 4.15.5-4
• Surface roughness (see Roughness, surface)
• Surface temperature, effect on fouling, 3.17.3-4
• Surface tension:
• devices depending on, for heat transfer augmentation, 2.5.11-2,2.6.6-3/2.6.6-5
• methods of estimating, 5.1.5-1/5.1.5-2
• in mixtures of fluids, 5.2.4-1/5.2.4-3
• of liquids below their boiling points, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175
• of saturated water, 5.5.3-30
• tables of, for saturated fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178
• Suspension, radiation interaction phenomena in, 2.9.8-16
• Sutherland formula, for viscosity variation with temperature, 2.2.1-11
• Sutterby fluid (non-Newtonian), free convective heat transfer to, 2.5.7-11
• Swirling flow, in augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-2
• Symbols, list of, xxxviiixxxix
• Symbols, mathematical, xlixlii
• Symmetric regenerators, 3.15.6-2
• Synthetic heat transfer media, 5.5.15-44/5.5.15-55
• Synthetic mixture heat transfer media, 5.5.15-56/5.5.15-63