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Heat Exchanger Design Handbook - Online

Description TOC Index Editorial Board

Links to:
HEDH 2002
HEDU

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Index:

T

Tables, labeling of, xxixxii
Taborek, J., xlv-lvi, 1.5.2-1/1.5.3-15, 2.4.6-1/2.4.6-6, 2.4.9-1/2.4.9-17, 3.2.1-1/3.2.3-3, 3.3.1-1/3.3.12-17
Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows, 2.3.2-3/2.3.2-4
Tapes, twisted (see Twisted tapes)
Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method, 4.3.3-8/4.3.3-9
Taylor series expansion, 2.4.7-4
Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement:

in boiling, 2.7.9-1

in condensation, 2.6.6-1

TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association):

example of calculation of mechanical design of TEMA-type AJS, 4.3.6-1/4.3.6-23

expansion bellow code, 4.10.2-6

fouling resistances recommended by, 3.17.7-5/3.17.7-6

mechanical design standards, 4.3.1-4

recommended baffle characteristics in segmentally baffled exchangers, 3.3.5-8

specification sheet for exchanger, 3.3.4-2

standards, 3.3.1-1

type designation system, 4.2.2-1/4.2.2-3

Temperature, conversion of units for, xxvi, xlv-lvi

chart for, lvi

Temperature-dependent physical properties (see Physical properties, variation with temperature)
Temperature distribution:

in condensation, 2.6.1-2

in fixed beds with flow-through bed, 2.8.2-6/2.8.2-14

series solutions for, in transient conduction, 2.4.3-1/2.4.3-7

Tenders for heat exchangers, 4.9.3-1/4.9.3-4

bid evaluations, 4.9.3-1

vendor selection, 4.9.3-2

Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization, 2.2.6-5
Ternary mixtures, diffusion and mass transfer in, 2.1.5-4
Tesla (SI unit), xxviii
Testing and inspection of heat exchangers:

certification, 4.7.7-1

cleanliness and storage, 4.7.9-1

constructions, 4.7.5-1

EN13445 code guidance for, 4.3.3-23

expansion bellows, 4.10.2-7

fittings, 4.7.8-1

materials, 4.7.2-1

nondestructive testing, 4.7.6-1/4.7.6-2

objectives, 4.7.1-1/4.7.1-2

PD 5500 code guidance for, 4.3.2-16

preparation and dispatch, 4.7.10-1

quality control and inspection disciplines, 4.7.11-1/4.7.11-7

stages of inspection, 4.7.4-1

welding, 4.7.3-1

Tetrabromomethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-53

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-56

saturation properties, 5.5.1-122

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-121

Tetrachloroethylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-132

saturation properties, 5.5.1-132

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-131

Tetradecane:

liquid physical properties, 5.5.10-11

saturation properties, 5.5.1-15

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-11

Tetradecene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-25

saturation properties, 5.5.1-29

Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-123

saturation properties, 5.5.1-125

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-12

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-119

saturation properties, 5.5.1-119

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-38

Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-109

saturation properties, 5.5.1-110

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-109

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-14

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-32

Tetrahydrofuran:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-107

saturation properties, 5.5.1-107

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-106

1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-54

saturation properties, 5.5.1-57

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-54

1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-55

saturation properties, 5.5.1-58

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-55

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-28

saturation properties, 5.5.1-58

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-55

Thermal conduction (see Conduction, heat)
Thermal conductivity:

conversion units for, xxxi, xlv-lvi

effective, in fixed beds:

with flow, 2.8.2-2/2.8.2-17

with no flow (stagnant), 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13

effective, of wicks in heat pipes, 3.10.3-1

of fluids at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-1/5.5.14-56

of heat exchanger construction materials, 3.3.5-5, 5.5.12-1/5.5.12-13

of heat transfer media, 5.5.15-1/5.5.15-42

of heavy water, 5.5.9-2

of liquid water, 5.5.3-3

of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-78

of multicomponent mixtures, 5.2.3-7/5.2.3-8

of polymers, 2.5.12-2/2.5.12-3

of porous media, 2.11.2-1

of pure fluids, 5.1.4-5/5.1.4-7

gases, 5.1.4-5/5.1.4-6

liquids, 5.1.4-7

of rheologically complex materials, 5.3.1-1/5.3.2-3

of saturated vapors and liquids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178

of seawater, 5.5.13-2

of solids, 5.4.3-1/5.4.3-3

aluminum alloys, 5.5.12-11

carbon and low-alloy steels, 5.5.12-3/5.5.12-6

cast iron, 5.5.12-12

copper and copper alloys, 5.5.12-10

electrical conductors, 5.4.3-2/5.4.3-3

electrical insulators, 5.4.3-1/5.4.3-2

high chrome steels, 5.5.12-7/5.5.12-8

nickel and nickel alloys, 5.5.12-8/5.5.12-9

semiconductors, 5.4.3-3

tables, 5.5.6-1/5.5.6-4, 5.5.12-1/5.5.12-13

titanium, 5.5.12-12

zirconium, 5.5.12-12

of superheated gases, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-175

of water, 5.3.3-26/5.3.3-27

Thermal contact resistance, 2.4.6-1/2.4.6-6

dimensionless correlation for, 2.4.6-2/2.4.6-4

conductivity number in, 2.4.6-2

constriction number in, 2.4.6-2

gap number in, 2.4.6-3

in heat exchanger tubes, 2.4.6-4/2.4.6-6

bimetallic tubes, 2.4.6-4/2.4.6-6

finned tubes, 2.4.6-4/2.4.6-6

liquid-solid molecular dynamics simulation of, 2.13.7-23/2.13.7-24

Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.1.1-1, 3.1.4-9, 4.2.5-1/4.2.5-23
Thermal design integral, 1.5.1-1/1.5.1-2
Thermal diffusivity:

of liquid light water, 5.5.3-31

of heat transfer media, 5.5.15-1/5.5.15-68

of heavy water, 3.15.0-1/3.15.12-13, 5.5.9-3

Thermal energy storage:

classification of devices for, 3.15.0-2/3.15.0-3

(See also Regenerators and thermal energy storage)

Thermal expansion, effect of, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.4-4
Thermal expansion coefficient:

of heat exchanger construction materials, 5.5.12-1/5.5.12-13

of heavy water, 5.5.9-2

of liquids below their boiling point, 5.5.10-1/5.5.10-175

of liquid water, 5.5.3-31

in saturated liquids, tables of, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178

Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 1.5.2-17
Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers, 3.7.2-3/3.7.2-5
Thermal storage materials, 3.15.0-3/3.15.0-4

metals, 3.15.0-4

nonmetals, 3.15.0-3/3.15.0-4

Thermal stress:

in PD 5500, 4.3.2-14/4.3.2-15

in heat exchanger shells, 4.1.3-2/4.1.3-3

numerical methods in the prediction of, 1.4.2-4

in tube plates, 4.1.4-4/4.1.4-5

Thermocal, heat transfer media, 5.5.15-50/5.5.15-51
Thermodynamic properties:

of saturated fluids, 5.5.1-1/5.5.1-178

of superheated gases, 5.5.2-1/5.5.2-36

Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer, 2.9.1-1/2.9.1-2
Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling, 2.7.9-1/2.7.9-2
Thermofluids, heat transfer medium, 5.5.15-44
Thermophysical properties:

calculation using molecular dynamics methods, 2.13.7-12/2.13.7-13

in evaluation of regenerator design, 3.15.11-4/3.15.11-5

Thermosiphon

as form of heat pipe, 3.10.1-1

in heat pipe heat exchangers, 3.10.8-1/3.10.8-2

Thermosiphon reboilers (see Vertical thermosiphon reboilers; Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers)
Theta (Dimensionless temperature difference) 1.5.1-4
Theta-NTU method:

application methodology, 1.5.1-9/1.5.1-10

application to single-pass counter and cocurrent flow exchangers, 1.3.1-2/1.3.1-4, 1.5.2-1/1.5.2-2

for calculation of heat exchangers, 1.2.4-5, 1.5.2-1/1.5.3-16

charts and equations for heat exchanger design, 1.5.2-2/1.5.3-16

for counterflow, 1.5.2-2

for cross flow

both streams mixed, 1.5.3-3

four tube rows, four passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-10

four tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-7

four tube rows, two passes, mixed, 1.5.3-11

one tube row, unmixed, 1.5.3-4

three tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-6

three tube rows, three passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-9

two tube rows, one pass, unmixed, 1.5.3-5

two tube rows, two tube passes, unmixed, 1.5.3-8

E-shell with even number of passes, 1.5.2-5

five E-shells in series, 1.5.2-9

four E-shells in series, 1.5.2-8

six E-shells in series, 1.5.2-10

three E-shells in series, 1.5.2-7

two E-shells in series, 1.5.2-6

E-shell, three tube side passes, 1.5.2-12

G-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-16

J-shell, even number of tube passes, 1.5.2-14

J-shell, one tube pass, 1.5.2-13

single pass, co-current, 1.5.2-1/1.5.2-3

Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), 2.2.1-23
Thin-wall-type expansion bellows, 4.10.2-1/4.10.2-2
Thiophene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-156

saturation properties, 5.5.1-155

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-155

Thome, J. R., 2.13.4-1/2.13.4-27
Three-phase flows:

classification, 2.3.1-2

gas-liquid-solid, 2.3.1-2

liquid-liquid-gas, 2.3.1-2, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-10

annular flow in, 2.3.6-3

bubbly flow in, 2.3.6-3

flow patterns in, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-4

homogeneous model for, 2.3.6-8/2.3.6-9

phase inversion in, 2.3.6-9

slug flow in, 2.3.6-1/2.3.6-3, 2.3.6-6/2.3.6-8

stratified flows in, 2.3.6-1, 2.3.6-4/2.3.6-6

solid-liquid-liquid, 2.3.1-2

Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.5-8/4.2.5-9
Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.2-3/3.3.2-6
Titanium and titanium alloys, 4.5.9-1/4.5.9-15

as material of construction, 4.5.2-6

corrosion and erosion resistance of, 4.5.9-4/4.5.9-8

erosion and cavitation, 4.5.9-5

galvanic corrosion, 4.5.9-7/4.5.9-8

microbiologically influenced corrosion, 4.5.9-4/4.5.9-5

pitting in, 4.5.9-5

steam droplet erosion, 4.5.9-5

stress corrosion cracking, 4.5.9-6

cost considerations, 4.5.9-13

design of heat exchangers with, 4.5.9-8/4.5.9-13

fouling of surfaces of, 4.5.9-6

hydrogen absorption by, 4.5.9-8

product availability, 4.5.9-1/4.5.9-2

range of alloys, 4.5.9-2/4.5.9-3

thermal and mechanical properties, 5.5.12-12, 4.5.9-3/4.5.9-4

T-junctions, loss coefficients in, 2.2.2-21
Tolerances

EN13445 guidance for, 4.3.3-23

PD 5500 guidance for, 4.3.2-16

Toluene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-47

saturation properties, 5.5.1-50

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-47

thermodynamic properties of superheated, 5.5.2-10

transport properties at elevated pressures, 5.5.14-21

m-Toluidine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-148

saturation properties, 5.5.1-148

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-147

Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating, 2.7.3-24/2.7.3-25
Tooth, A. S., 4.3.8-1/4.3.8-32
Toroidal shells, mechanical design, 4.1.3-2
Torque wrench, 4.13.6-2
Total emissivity in gases, 2.9.5-5
Transcendental equations in transient conduction, 2.4.3-4
Transient behavior:

in free convective heat transfer on vertical plates, 2.5.7-9/2.5.7-10

of heat exchangers, 1.1.6-1

of regenerators, 3.15.10-1/3.15.10-7

Transition boiling:

in binary and forced convective boiling, 2.7.7-5

in forced convection over vertical surfaces, 2.7.3-30

in pool boiling, 2.7.2-13

Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, 2.5.7-4/2.5.7-5
Transition, laminar/turbulent, in microchannels, 2.13.2-11/2.13.2-13
Transmission of thermal radiation in solids:

characteristics, 2.9.2-3/2.9.2-6

measurement, 2.9.2-6/2.9.2-7

Transmissivity of solids:

definition, 2.9.2-3

measurement, 2.9.2-6/2.9.2-7

Transport phenomena, approximate model for in dilute cases, 2.1.1-1
Transport properties:

of pure fluids, 5.1.4-1/5.1.4-7

of superheated gases, 5.5.11-1/5.5.11-175

of fluids at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-1/5.5.14-56

turbulent, 2.1.1-3

Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in, 2.5.9-4/2.5.9-6
Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-1
Triangular duct:

laminar flow in, 2.2.2-9

laminar heat transfer in, 3.9.5-1/3.9.5-3

Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers, 3.9.3-1
Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow, 2.3.2-20
Tribromomethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-113

saturation properties, 5.5.1-113

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-5112

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-121

saturation properties, 5.5.1-122

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-121

Trichloroethylene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-132

saturation properties, 5.5.1-132

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-131

Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11)

liquid properties, 5.5.10-117

saturation properties, 5.5.1-117

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-116

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-29

Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-111

saturation properties, 5.5.1-111

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-110

1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-125

saturation properties, 5.5.1-125

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-124

thermal conductivity at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-36

Tridecane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-11

saturation properties, 5.5.1-15

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-11

Tridecene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-25

saturation properties, 5.5.1-29

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-25

Triethylamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-141

saturation properties, 5.5.1-141

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-140

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-118

saturation properties, 5.5.1-119

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-118

Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-109

saturation properties, 5.5.1-109

superheated gaseous: physical properties, 5.5.11-108

thermodynamic properties, 5.5.2-13

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-35

Trimethylamine:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-139

saturation properties, 5.5.1-139

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-138

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-53

saturation properties, 5.5.1-56

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-53

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-53

saturation properties, 5.5.1-56

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-53

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-54

saturation properties, 5.5.1-57

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-54

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane):

liquid properties, 5.5.10-19

saturation properties, 5.5.1-23

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-19

transport properties at elevated pressure, 5.5.14-14

Triphenylmethane:

liquid properties, 5.5.10-58

saturation properties, 5.5.1-61

superheated vapor properties, 5.5.11-58

Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid), 2.3.1-2

fouling at, 3.17.2-4

True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers, 3.2.3-4
Truelove, J. S., 3.11.1-1/3.11.7-6
Tsotsas, E., 2.8.1-1/2.8.1-13, 2.8.2-1/2.8.2-17, 2.8.3-1/2.8.3-7
Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers, 4.5.3-3
Tube banks, finned:

mechanical design, in air cooled heat exchangers, 4.4.1-2/4.4.1-5

single-phase flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.4-13/2.2.4-15

correlation for pressure drop for staggered banks with annular (ring-shaped) fins, 2.2.4-13/2.2.4-14

correlation for staggered banks with helical fins, 2.2.4-14

single-phase heat transfer in, 2.5.3-19/2.5.3-30

comparison of experimental data and correlations for, 2.5.3-22/2.5.3-26

fin efficiency in, 2.4.9-5/2.4.9-17

heat transfer correlations for, with high-finned tubes, 2.5.3-21/2.5.3-26

heat transfer correlations for, with low-finned tubes, 2.5.3-26/2.5.3-30

types used in air-cooled heat exchangers, 3.8.4-1/3.8.4-2

Tube banks, plain:

boiling on outside of tubes within, 2.7.5-5/2.7.5-11

critical heat flux in, 2.7.5-9/2.7.5-11

heat transfer coefficients in, 2.7.5-6/2.7.5-9

condensation in horizontal, 2.6.2-10/2.6.2-12

condensation in vertical, 2.6.2-2/2.6.2-10

flow-induced vibration in, 4.6.1-1/4.6.6-4

longitudinal flow and heat transfer in, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12-17

bundles with grid baffles, 3.3.12-4/3.3.12-15

characteristics of, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12-2

ideal bundle flow and heat transfer, 3.3.12-2/3.3.12-4

with liquid metals, 2.5.13-3

single-phase flow and pressure drop in, 2.2.4-1/2.2.4-12, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

description, 2.2.4-1/2.2.4-3

drag and pressure drop in, 2.2.4-3/2.2.4-12, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

Strouhal numbers in, 2.2.4-15/2.2.4-16

single-phase heat transfer to, 2.5.3-1/2.5.3-18

with liquid metals, 2.5.13-5

single row of tubes, 2.5.3-3

tube banks, 2.5.3-3/2.5.3-18, 3.3.7-1/3.3.7-4

Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in, 2.2.4-14/2.2.4-15
Tube bundles:

characteristics of in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.4-3/3.3.4-4

longitudinal flow and heat transfer in, 3.3.12-1/3.3.12/17

(see also Rod bundles; Tube banks)

Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

constructional features affecting, 4.2.5-9/4.2.5-12

simplified equations for, 3.3.5-11/3.3.5-12

tables of, 4.2.5-13/4.2.5-23

Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.11.1-1/4.11.4-6

arc welding: on inner face, 4.2.6-10

on outer face, 4.2.6-8

explosive expansion, 4.2.6-7/4.2.6-8

explosive welding, 4.2.6-8/4.2.6-10, 4.11.4-1/4.11.4-6

hydraulic expansion, 4.11.2-1/4.11.2-6

roller expansion, 4.2.6-6/4.2.6-7

Tube failure, see Tube rupture
Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of, 2.5.3-10
Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:

basic mechanical design principles, 4.1.4-1/4.1.4-5

equivalent plates, 4.1.4-1

perforated, stresses in, 4.1.4-3/4.1.4-4

plates connected by tubes, 4.1.4-2

stresses and edge rotation of unperforated, 4.1.4-1/4.1.4-2

thermal stresses, 4.1.4-4/4.1.4-5

comparison of codes for, 4.3.4-3

construction features, 4.2.6-5/4.2.6-6, 4.5.3-3

design to EN13445, 4.3.3-10/4.3.3-13

alternative rules for, 4.3.3-12/4.3.3-12

fixed with expansion bellow, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-12

fixed without expansion bellow, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-13

floating head, 4.3.3-11/4.3.3-12

in U-tube exchangers, 4.3.3-11

tube/tubesheet welds, 4.3.3-12

design to PD 5500, 4.3.2-10/4.3.2-11

double, construction features, 4.2.3-10/4.2.3-11

materials of construction for, 4.5.2-1

Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-15

design against, 4.17.2-2/4.17.2-3

failure scenario, 4.17.2-1/4.17.2-2

relief following, 4.17.2-3/4.17.2-14

Tube-side passes (see Passes, tube-side)
Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.11.1-1/4.11.2-6

explosive welding, 4.11.4-1/4.11.4-6

fusion welding, 4.11.3-1/4.11.3-4

hydraulic expansion, 4.11.2-1/4.11.2-6

Tubes:

characteristics of, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 4.2.5-1/4.2.5-3

bimetal, 4.2.5-2

diameter and thickness, 4.2.5-1

integrally finned, 4.2.5-3

length, 4.2.5-1/4.2.5-2

pitch, 4.2.5-2

circular (see Pipes, circular)

compressive stress in, EN13445 guidance on, 4.3.3-12

flow-induced vibration of, 4.6.2-1/4.6.6-4

natural frequency of, 4.6.2-1/4.6.2-4

heat transfer to liquid metals in, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-2

heat transfer to liquid metals in cross flow over, 2.5.13-5/2.5.13-7

materials of construction for, 4.5.2-1

mechanical design characteristics of, 4.1.5-1

noncircular (see Pipes, noncircular)

recommended dimensions of, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 3.3.5-4/3.3.5-5

thermal conductivity of typical materials for, 3.3.5-5

tube/tubesheet welds, EN13445 guidance on, 4.3.3-12

Tubesheets, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see Tube plates)
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (see TEMA)
Tubular immersion exchangers, 4.4.4-2/4.4.4-3
Tubular reactor, nonuniform heat and mass transfer in, 2.1.4-3/2.1.4-4
Tunnel dryer, 3.13.2-4
Turbine agitators:

axial flow, 3.14.2-2

disk, 3.14.2-1/3.14.2-2

flat blade, 3.14.2-1/3.14.2-2

glass-coated, 3.14.2-1

heat transfer in vessels agitated by, 3.14.3-1

pitched blade, 3.14.2-1

Turbine exhaust condensers:

air-cooled, 3.8.9-3

shell-and-tube (surface), 3.4.3-6/3.4.3-8

Turbines, lost work in

expansion turbine, 1.9.5-5/1.9.5-6

hydraulic turbine, 1.9.5-8

Turbulence:

characteristics in circular pipe flow, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-8

effect in film condensation, 2.6.2-4/2.6.2-5

limitation of phenomenological transport laws by, 2.1.1-3/2.1.1-4

modeling of, 2.2.1-17/2.2.1-19

in furnace prediction, 3.11.7-2/3.11.7-3

origin of, 2.2.1-19

relaminarization of, 2.2.1-29

Turbulent boundary layers:

differential methods for, 2.2.1-33/2.2.1-35

integral methods for, 2.2.1-31/2.2.1-32

Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration, 4.6.4-2
Turbulent energy, integral equation for, 2.2.1-20

dissipation of, 2.2.1-20

production of, 2.2.1-20

Turbulent flow:

combined free and forced convective heat transfer in channels in, 2.5.10-6/2.5.10-11

conservation equations for, 2.2.1-15/2.2.1-17

averaging in, 2.2.1-16

fundamentals of, 2.2.1-15/2.2.1-17

heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, 2.5.7-4

in boundary layers, 2.2.1-15/2.2.2-19

in circular pipes, 2.2.2-1/2.2.2-5

in condensation, on vertical surfaces, 2.6.2-4/2.6.2-5

in empty spaces, numerical calculation of, 1.4.3-2

in noncircular pipes, 2.2.2-9/2.2.2-10

modeling of, 2.2.1-17/2.2.1-19

of non-Newtonian fluids, 2.2.8-13/2.2.8-16

relaminarization in, 2.2.1-29

single-phase heat transfer in ducts in, 2.5.1-5/2.5.1-21

augmentation of, 2.5.11-4/2.5.11-9

concentric annuli, 2.5.1-14/2.5.1-18

in helical coils, 2.5.14-2/2.5.14-3

in liquid metal systems, 2.5.13-1/2.5.13-4

in parallel plates, 2.5.1-13

smooth tubes, 2.5.1-6/2.5.1-8

Turbulent pipe contactor, for direct contact heat transfer, 3.19.1-4
Turbulent transport properties, 2.1.1-3
Turnarounds, in heat exchangers, 2.2.7-1

pressure losses in, 2.2.7-8/2.2.7-9

Turner, C. W., 3.17.9-1/3.17.9-14
Twisted tapes:

enhancement of boiling heat transfer by, 2.7.9-3/2.7.9-4

as inserts for augmentation of heat transfer, 2.5.11-7/2.5.11-8

in augmentation of condensation, 2.6.6-21, 2.6.6-25

Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, 2.2.1-18
Two-phase flows:

classification of, 2.3.1-2

liquid-liquid flows, 2.3.1-2, 2.3.5-1/2.3.5-40

numerical calculation of, 1.4.3-1

(See also Gas-liquid flow; Solid-gas flow; Solid-liquid flow)

Two-shell pass exchanger (see F-shells)